The terrace sits raw and stark in the winter light, its rim of russian olive and beach plum hunch their bare branches against the cold, all somber-hued and drab. Even the ocean is a sullen grey, sulking under heavy clouds.

Then, with a clarion, ringing cry, comes one of winter’s glories, as the bare boughs, etched dark against the sky, suddenly explode into a bush burning with beauty, blossomed with brilliant, coruscating, vivid blue jays.

Loud raucous voices swell as they sight the table set with sunflower seed, suet, and doughnuts, and they rush it, lustily gobbling, elbowing each other, excitedly brawling with vigor and enjoyment, each intent on satisfying his own hunger.

This boldly beautiful bird is accused of many sins; greed, harrassment and predation. But perhaps his greatest sin is, he is very common.

Because he is so common, we don’t really see him until he is gone, and then we wonder at his absence. That is why there was concern this winter throughout the Northeast when winter found many areas without jays, or with greatly reduced populations. Were they ill? Had they migrated? Nobody knows for sure exactly what happened or why. Enormous flights of jays were seen on the Outer Banks and in Florida down to the Keys; larger flocks appeared on the Gulf coast and spilled along it into Texas. What had caused this movement of birds from their normal wintering habitat? Were they birds from the Northeast, or were they populations displaced by the northeastern birds moving into their territory?

What caused them to move? Will they return? Only time and study will give us a clue.

The blue jay’s lusty appetite gives him a reputation for greed, though it is unearned, for he never claims the feeder as his own after he has eaten his fill. The smaller birds never scorn the crumbs from his table, and he has learned he can’t get into their feeder. He never lays claim to food just for the joy of possession, only for his loud and gusty enjoyment of eating it. And it takes a large amount of food to sustain such an exuberant, boisterous fellow.

He sounds the alarm for all. No hawk can raid the feeder when he is near. No prowling cats escape his eye. And his habit of harrying dozing owls is an aid to birders seeking the elusive creatures. He thrives on excitement and noise, creating alarms and diversions wherever he goes.

But what of his other life, his summer life, his private life?

It is quiet and secret, full of soft murmuring song and private courtship. And, except in areas where he nests near man, after his almost silent wooing, he is evasively secretive of nest, slinking soft as a shadow to feed his brooding mate. A careful parent, he shares in the feeding and raising of his young until they are grown and return to flock together with other jays. There is one charge of which he cannot be cleared. He attacks other bird’s nests and robs them. Even the fact that he also enjoys a meal of mice doesn’t excuplate his sin. But it is a charge that can only have meaning within human values, and we cannot judge him thus. Just as his intense, iridescent blue isn’t in the feather, but is a reflection of blue light, so is his reputation a reflection of us and our values, rather than what he is: a most beautiful bird, handsome and vigorous, living in his niche in balance with his world.

About 500 species of canivorous plants occur in six unrelated families over nearly all parts of the world, but they have greatest diversity in the tropics. As to methods of trapping insects, the plants found in eastern United States fall into three groups.

1. In the butterworts (Pinguicula, family Lentibulariaceae) the trap is slime secreted on the surface of the leaf. The leaf edge eventually rolls in over victim. There are about 40 species of Pinguicula. They are unknown on Cape Cod, but the blue-flowered P. vulgaris appears in northern New York and Vermont, and is a common plant in the moors of Scotland. Several handsome species accompany the pitcher plants of our southern coastal plain.

2. In the sundews (Drosera) and the well-known Venus fly-trap (Dionaea), both in the family Droseraceae, the insect stimulates a rapid movement of tentacles or other structures which hold the prey fast. Dionaea is restricted to the sandy coast of North and South Carolina.

3. In the bladderworts (Utricularia, family Lentibulariaceae), in the pitcher plants (Sarracenia, family Sarraceniaceae), and in the Asiatic pitcher plants (Nepenthes, family Nepenthaceae) the trap is constructed like a wire rat-trap or a lobster-trap. Slight movement has been noted in the bladders of Utricularia so that there is a faint transition here to the other trap methods.

PITCHER PLANTS. The common pitcher plant of eastern North America is Sarracenia purpurea, abundant in bogs from Labrador to Florida. It is now scarce on Cape Cod. I have seen it in Yarmouth and in Provincetown; and it is recorded also from Hyannis and from Monument Beach in Falmouth. The large purple flower, from a basal rosette of pitchers is too well-known and commonly illustrated to require description. Markings on the pitcher attract insects into it, and down-pointing hairs prevent them from getting out. At the bottom will be found wings and other hard parts left after digestion. On the coastal plain south of Richmond in Virginia, yellow-flowered pitcher plants appear in great patches in the damp pinelands. They are readily seen from train or automobile.

SUNDEWS. About 100 species of Drosera are known.. Most of them grow in damp places and commonly in sphagnum moss. In northern Europe are three species distinguished by shape of leaves. They are D. rotundifolia, D. longifolia (anglia), and D. intermedia. The round-leaved and intermediate-leaved forms are common on Cape Cod; the long-leaved is northern, and extends south only to Quebec. In the sundews, threadlike tentacles arise from the leaf surface. Each ends in a small slimy ball which gleams in the sunlight. These give rise to the poetic name “sundew”. The central tentacles are short-stalked; those at the margin are elongate. The marginal tentacles hold the insect down, and within a few hours these fingers of death have consumed the poor insect by means of digestive cells. After a satisfactory meal the tentacles become upright, and eventually the eyes, wings, and chitinous body are blown away by the Winds. On Cape Cod the thread-leaved purple-flowered sundew (D. filiformis) grows commonly at the sandy margins of ponds. The bulb-like bases, collected in winter, grow readily in damp sand in a window dish. It is known from Plymouth County, and along the coast to the New Jersey pine barrens, and in a somewhat larger phase along the Gulf of Mexico. The very numerous experiments with Drosera are described by Charles Darwin in a volume of 462 pages. As Wm. Irvine says in his readable and humorous book on Darwin and his associates, “Apes, Angels, and Victorians”, New York, 1955 (p. 204): “Darwin, having finished with man, fled happily to the other extreme of the organic world, resuming the study of his beloved Drosera, a rather messy little insect-catcher”. “The results of these delightful labors was ‘Insectivorous Plants’ (1875), a work full of the gusto of painstaking detail, measurements minutely exact, and ingeniously varied experiment.” Darwin even went to the extent of giving Drosera rotundifolia cobra poison. He worked on all sorts of insectivorous plants, including D. filiformis, and on the similar yellow-flowered Drosophyllum lusitanicum, which he obtained from sandy hills near Oporto.

BLADDERWORTS. Ten species are found on Cape Cod. An additional purple-flowered species (Uticularia intermedia) I have found just above the high-tide mark on the Agawam River at East Wareham in Plymouth County.

Since the Cape Cod sundews have been poorly collected, it would be interesting to prepare maps showing exactly where the various kinds occur on Cape Cod. I have found them most abundantly in shallow pond margins and backwaters in the Crooked Pond area of North Falmouth; also in the small ponds and pondholes east of the airport at Hyannis. Other places would probably turn out to be just as interesting. In preparing specimens the bladderworts are floated outon paper, just as with seaweeds. The following species of Utricularia are known from Cape Cod, based on the herbarium collections of the New England Botanical Club at Harvard University. Yellow-flowered: geminiscapa, vlugaris, inflata, gibba, cornuta, subulata, fibrosa. Purple-flowered: purpurea, resupinata.

The name “purple bladderwort” generally refers to U. purpurea, which is one of the commonest and handsomest species. The term “wort”, used only in compond words, is an old English word, pronounced “wurt”. Perhaps the rarest of these bladderworts on Cape Cod (I have not found it) is U. resupinata, known only from Crooked Pond, Falmouth; Griffith’s Pond, Brewster; and Simmons Pond, Dennis. U. biflora is known only from Crooked Pond, Falmouth; and Lake Wequaquet, Centerville.

The species of Utricularia are not always easy to identify. Reference should be made to drawings and discussions in Gleason’s “New Britton and Brown’s Flora”, and to Gray’s Manual; to the color photographs in Rickett’s “wild Flowers of the United States”, vols. 1 and 2; and to Seymour’s “The Flora of New England”.

The bladderworts have a complicated trapping system, devoted mostly to the larvae of Daphnia and Cyclops, which they entice by a sugary solution. They are widespread over the world except in the polar regions, and there are about 300 species, mostly tropical. Many tropical species are annual to perennial land plants with large flowers and complicated leafage. Some have subterranean tubers; some are epiphytic; some live in the tank leaves of bromeliads. On Cape Cod, U. cornuta, U. subulata, and U. resupinata are more or less terrestrial on muddy shores.

It is hoped that the reader will now investigate the great variation of the bladderworts, and will become interested in the species distribution of all insectivorous plants on Cape Cod.

DR. HENRY SVENSON’S botanical knowledge of the Cape Cod environment is unrivaled.

He has contributed a great deal of material and experience to the Museum’s Herbarium, and has donated some valuable books to our library.

He was a student at Harvard of Prof. Merritt W. Fernald, with whom he made a number of collecting expeditions on the Cape between 1917 and 1922. He received his Ph.D. from Harvard in 1928, and became Assistant Professor of Biology at Union College in Schenectady, N.Y.

Dr. Svenson was a curator at the Brooklyn Botanical Gardens from 1930 to 1946, and curator in the Department of Forestry and Botany at the American Museum of Natural History between 1946 and 1954. In 1941, he received a Guggenheim Fellowship, based on plant exploration in Ecuador and Peru. Between 1954 and 1966, prior to his retirement on Cape Cod, he worked for the U.S. Geological Survey in Washington as a botanist in plant geography.

WINDMILLS RETURN TO CAPE COD

Made from scrap automobile parts, this windmill at the New Alchemy Institute’s farm, north of Falmouth, draws on atmospheric power to charge a storage battery mounted atop the pole. It is flanked by the ancient alchemist’s sun symbol on the vane at left and by the real moon on the right.

The sky over San Diego in California is usually a brilliant blue, but on the rim of the horizon is an ugly band of yellowish brown, and it is hard to watch children playing without feeling frightened about the poisons that they are breathing into their small bodies as they run. Inland, scarred eroded canyon walls attest to the developers’ endless expansion. By the shore, the comic grace of the brown pelican reminds one to ask, “Were there young this year?” for it is common knowledge that the high percentage of DDT and other toxins in their egg shells have made them too thin to permit the chicks to develop. Reminders of the threatened state of the environment are everywhere in San Diego. It was there that New Alchemy was born.

It is easier to forget on Cape Cod. A blurred horizon can mean fog. The woods and fields bloom with wildflowers, birds are everywhere, and usually a discreet row of trees can screen the fact that here too the developers are felling trees, laying roads, threatening the salt marshes and destroying steadily the dwindling acres of unspoiled habitat. And so here too, as everywhere, there is a need for people who would hope to restore the land and protect the seas. This is, in essence, the basis for New Alchemy.

It actually began several years ago, when a small group of scientists and students met in San Diego. Many of us had been chronicling the fate of environments and social systems under stress and felt a real urgency about our efforts. We felt overwhelmed by the enormity and apparent hopelessness of turning the tide of a society so entrenched in consumerism that it could threaten ultimately to consume our natural environment. Gradually, a path began to open before us that did seem to offer a true alternative to the self-destructive one we are on. As a tentative and partial solution, we organized an institute that would establish centers in a variety of climates, in several countries. Hopefully it will become an embryo of a science for reconstructive knowledge, knowledge that would be created by and for those trying to create a genuine decentralist and ecological alternative. We chose the name New Alchemy out of respect for ancient alchemy, a science of nature which was pursued within a moral and philosophical context. It too had strong roots in agriculture, gardening and metallurgy and focused on knowledge that could not be abused for destructive ends. When many of us moved to Woods Hole for professional reasons, we brought our fledgling institute with us. Eventually we were able to lease a farm on Hatchville Road, and with a land base at last, we were able to move from the realm of theory to that of practice.

Although the task of creating a biotechnic foundation for social change has only just begun, it is already possible to envisage how small groups or communities can act to rescue the earth from further depredations. Our early research has begun to reveal the exciting potentials of a holistic and essentially ecological approach, where power and food production, wastes, shelter, arts and industry are linked to each other and people are returned to process. Space limitations prevent a detailed description of these early explorations, but an overview should provide the essence of our approach.

A fundamental goal of the New Alchemists is to harness all our power requirements, including electricity, from indigenous non-polluting sources of energy, especially the wind and the sun. This seemingly impossible task becomes realizable if one begins by coupling poorly developed energy systems to biological ones, which have an intrinsic ability to cope with the unpredictability of the weather.

Our first attempts to trap and use solar energy on the Cape Cod farm did not involve the difficult task of heating a house. Instead, a more modest tack was followed, and intensive solar heated “tropical” aquaculture ponds were devised. Inexpensive geodesic domes with a double plastic skin cover small culture ponds, and on sunny days the temperatures inside are elevated 20-50 F. degrees. The ponds, in turn, store the heat and help to provide the climate for intensive food gardens within the same structures. The linkages between the systems are even more complete as the nutrient-and algae-laden pond water is used to irrigate and fertilize crops. Worms which proliferate within the enriched soils are used as one of the feeds for the fishes.

The sun is seen as an ally, with many uses that we are only beginning to comprehend. One of our group built a solar furnace which enabled him to work with metals and with his help we are considering building a tiny glass factory that uses a solar furnace. We want to make panes of glass from scrap bottles that will replace the plastic covering on the domes and other structures. The interest in the glass works is heightened by a desire to use it for craft and art work.

Working with the sun, albeit in a crude way, has brought us into closer harmony with the weather, and the windmill has tightened the bond. It is built almost entirely from scrap automobile parts and its first job is not too taxing. It provides electricity for a pump that circulates water through a biological filter in one of the closed fish culture systems. Biological filters are critical as they greatly increase fish yields and may have some ability to withstand varying rates of flow caused by a windmill. We suspect that in the not too distant future a windmill, biological filter and solar heated pond system will provide enough aquatic foods to provide all the meat protein needs of a commune or tiny community, with the costs being mainly labor, scrap materials and information.

What is evolving is the beginnings of an urban agriculture that has the potential to replace many of the environmentally destructive agricultural practices of large corporate farming. Last winter a tiny 18′ dome enabled us to set up a prototype food producing structure along ecological lines. To our surprise it provides for ten people greens in great variety and many of the vegetables during the cold months.

We will not be satisfied until we can collect and store all our own energy needs. On Cape Cod the wind seems to be our best source for electricity and our efforts are geared towards creating windmills that will provide us with power. The problems of storage during periods of calm has not been solved but there are several possibilities worthy of investigation. Underground batteries the size of cisterns might work and they could use scrap lead in their design. Windmills, not unlike those that used to grind grains, might conceivably turn heavy flywheels providing a continuous and steady source of electricity. We are also intrigued by living with changing intensities of energy, as it will intertwine our own lives with the rhythm of nature, bringing us closer to the earth. In the future men may tread softly on a small patch of earth and know it well.

If all of us lived under the rule that no wastes should leave their place of use, then a dramatic step towards environmental restoration would result. Wastes instead would be incorporated into a biological system that enhances the immediate ecosystem. Our first attempt to do this involved a pond culturing system which collects household wastes and sewage in a modified greenhouse situated over a small pool. Inside, algae, aquatic plants, fish and clams, along with a variety of insects are cultured and fed to chickens and larger edible fish. The cultured organisms, for their part, extract the pollutants and purify the waste material. The remaining liquid is used to irrigate crops and gardens. In this system, it is the wastes and the sun which are the primary sources of energy and what is ordinarily a problem, when dealt with on a small scale, becomes a solution by providing protein and enriching the local soils.

Even houses and architecture can be transformed and incorporated into the larger bases of support and community. One day shelters will become much more animate in the sense that they will be linked closely to the sun and wind, and their climates will be dovetailed with the agricultural and aquacultural systems in which heat is stored. House design should adopt many of the strategies of animals and plants so that their internal climates are regulated in a very organic way. If we lived in shelters like these, nature would be felt deeply through our lives and to abuse her would be a sinful act.

A new science and path of knowledge created by many people is perhaps essential for coping with the problems facing man in the next century. This science should be derived out of a microcosmic sense of scale and it should focus on the needs of individuals and communities trying to live as stewards of the earth. If the reconstruction that develops out of it encompasses the more profound elements of the human experience, than a libertarian alternative may have the power to limit growth and enrich mankind. Here on Cape Cod this science for the earth has its beginnings.

The Institute’s Kensington Farm, on Hatchville Road north of Falmouth, is open to the public May through October on Saturdays. If it is not raining, people gather to work in the gardens and on various projects throughout the day. We have a picnic lunch at noon, so if you plan to visit and work with us on Saturdays, bring some food for lunch.

For those of you who would like to become personally involved in the work of the New Alchemy Institute, there is an associate membership for $25.00/year, which helps support the Institute’s research and publishing programs. Members are provided with newsletters, bulletins and correspondence on any of their questions within the scope of the N.A.1. The Institute is non-profit and contributions are tax-deductible. Please send your contribution to:

The New Alchemy Institute-East

Box 432 -Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543

THE NEW ALCHEMY INSTITUTE: A SELECTED AND ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

The references below provide an introduction to the Institute, its work and goals.

1. The New Alchemy Institute Bulletin #2

Widely reprinted and translated. Includes “A Modest Proposal”, a view of the maladaptiveness of modern industrial society. It outlines an example of a restorative approach to restructuring society.

Also includes “Design for a Tropical Center”, which explores some possibilities for land use and research in the tropics.

Copies are still available from NAI at $1.00 apiece.

2. The New Alchemy Institute Newsletters #1-3

The newsletters describe New Alchemy activities. They include designs for ecologically derived energy and food systems.

3. The Journa1 of the New Alchemists

The bulletins and the newsletter will be replaced by the summer of ’73 with an enlarged “Journal of the New Alchemists”. New discoveries and techniques will be described as well as plans and discussions of subjects ranging from energy to communitas.

The Journal and Newsletters are sent free to Associates of The Institute. Copies of Newsletters 1 & 2 are available from the Institute for $1.00 apiece.

4. Aquaculture Bibliography

If you are interested in fish farming N.A.J. has an Aquaculture Bibliography prepared by Dr. William O. Mclarney. Includes references on polyculture and pond construction. Cost $1.00.

5. The Backyard Fish Farm Workbook for 1973

This is a “how to do it” manual for collaborators on our intensive, low cost fish farm research. Edited by W. O. McLarney it gives the details of setting up a backyard fish farm and making collections of scientific data. Available from Organic Gardening and Farming Magazine, Readers’ Research Program, Emmaus, Penna. 18049. Cost $1.00. Not available through N.A.J.

6. A GARDEN RESEARCH WORKBOOK On Insect Resistance in Vegetable Crops & Companion Planting

Prepared by Richard Merrill. An ecologist’s guide to experimentation in the garden. A critical and fascinating manual for those interested in researching food-producing systems. The manual, some 50 pages in length, is being distributed to collaborators in the Institute’s countrywide research program. If funds become available we would like to have it printed and made available for wider distribution.

June, 1972

The outer beach of Cape Cod from Provincetown to Monomoy Point may be considered to be 30 miles out to sea, and as such, is subject to the relentless attack of the waves. However, the outer beach has shown that it is capable of adjusting to the continuous onslaught of the waves through changes in the shoreline configuration. Two of these coastal processes will be discussed in detail.

The Growing Shield. A glance at a map shows that the outer beach of Cape Cod resembles a curved shield which appears to protect the Cape from the storm waves generated out in the Atlantic. Most of the waves approach Cape Cod from the east-northeast. The cliff and beach of the outer Cape in the Truro vicinity, in the center of the shield, are oriented perpendicular to the dominant wave approach direction, and so receive the brunt of the wave attack. North of Highland Light and south of Marconi Station the east-northeast waves approach the outer Cape shoreline at an oblique angle, and some of the wave energy is transformed into longshore currents which flow parallel to the shore and in the general direction of the wave advance. These currents transport much of the sediment eroded from the Truro cliffs to Race Point and Long Point to the northwest, and to Nauset Spit and Monomoy Island to the south. Indeed all four of these features were formed as a direct result of the processes of wave induced longshore currents discussed above.

Protuberances on the shield If one stands on the outer beach of Cape Cod and gazes up and down the beach, one will notice that the shoreline is not absolutely straight. In fact, portions of the shoreline are seen to project seaward, forming shoreline protuberances of sand approximately one-half mile to one and one-half miles apart. These protuberances occur on most beaches of the Atlantic Coast of the United States, but are especially pronounced on the outer beach of Cape Cod.

A process has been suggested which explains the origin of these beach protuberances. Wave fronts, sometimes called wave crests, impinging on the outer Cape are slowed down as they begin to feel the bottom. This slowing down begins at depths of approximately 250 feet for big waves and 125 feet for smaller waves. The shoals on the sea floor off Cape Cod cause the portions of the incoming wave fronts which pass directly over the shoals to slow down first. This results in bending of the wave fronts and changes the amount of waver energy within the different portions of the wave front. Where the wave orthogonals, i.e., lines drawn everywhere perpendicular to the wave front, converge, there is a concentration of wave energy, and the shoreline opposite this part of the wave front undergoes increased erosion. Where the orthogonals diverge, there is a lesser amount of wave energy within the wave front. These variations in wave energy result in different rates of beach erosion, and cause small segments of the shoreline to change orientation and become perpendicular to the dominant east-northeast wave approach direction.

Knowing the locations of the severe erosion zones becomes critical in any coastal zone planning, whether for the construction of a major engineering structure or the building of a summer home. On Monomoy Island, the authors observed differences in rates of beach erosion of over 50 feet per year between two locations just one mile apart.

How long have these processes been operating? The glacial sediments that make up the backbone of Cape Cod were deposited by the melting ice sheets that covered the Cape, previous to 12,000 years ago. As these huge ice sheets melted, sea level rose until it reached the present level, approximately 6000 years ago. Thus the outer beach of Cape Cod has been under the influence of waves for the last six thousand years. Within historical times ,the 150 foot high cliffs from Truro to Eastham have eroded back at a rate of three feet per year. If the present rate of erosion can be extended into the past, these cliffs must have eroded back approximately three miles. The great bulk of this eroded sediment has been redeposited as sand spits growing outward from the center of the shield north to Long Point and south to Monomoy Point.

Thus, by extending our present observations and studies into the past, we can see that through natural processes land eroded by the waves is transported by wave-formed currents and then shaped by the waves into new landforms. Man must carefully learn nature’s ways before he can hope to interfere without risking unforeseen repercussions.

References:

Bascomb, W., 1964, “Waves and beaches”: Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 267 p.

Chamberlain, B., 1964, “These fragile outposts”: Natural History Press, Garden City, New York, 327 p.

Goldsmith, V., and Colonell, j., 1970, “Effects of nonuniform wave energy in the littoral zone”: Proc. Twelfth Coastal Engineering Conf., A.S.C.E., p. 767-785.

Hay, john, 1963, “The Great Beach”: Doubleday, Garden City, New York, 131 p. Strahler, A. N., 1966, “A geologist’s view of Cape Cod”: Natural History Press, Garden City, New York, 115 p.

Zeigler, j. M., Tuttle, S. D., Giese, G. 5., and Tasha, H. j., 1964, “Residence time of sand composing the beaches and bars of outer Cape Cod”: Proc. Ninth Coastal Engineering Conf., A. S. C. E., p. 403-416.

DR. GOLDSMITH was formally Faculty Research Associate with the Coastal Research Center in the Department of Geology at The University of Massachusetts, and is now Associate Marine Scientist at The Virginia Institute of Marine Science.

June, 1972

The geographical uniqueness of Cape Cod makes it an exciting place for the summer visitor interested in bird watching. The Cape’s varied terrain and moderate maritime climate makes it a home or regular port-of-call for nearly 400 species and sub-species of land and shore birds.

The two best months to observe these assorted “goodies” (both quantitatively and qualitatively) are July and August, when the fall migration is in progress. Lasting from July through October, the migration reaches a peak of shorebirds in mid-August, and of landbirds in September when our beaches, marshlands, and woodlands furnish food and rest for thousands of weary feathered travelers. These birds may stay only a few hours, or they may remain for several weeks. In fact, it is not uncommon for some to double their body weight during this time in preparation for long, arduous, non-stop flights to Caribbean Islands or even South America.

Rule #1 for birding on Cape Cod is to keep the weather and tides in mind. In less than a few hours, a day which begins bright and calm can become overcast, cold, and stormy -particularly when the winds shift into the easterly quadrant of the compass. Although good Nor’easters may last three days or more, they can be a blessing to the hardy birder, since their strong winds frequently carry in unexpected species to the Cape. In this connection, First Encounter Beach in Eastham is an excellent spot to find sea birds after a storm.

Regarding tides-let them work for you rather than against you. Remember, you will see more shorebirds in a marsh when the tide is high, for at low tide most species will be greatly dispersed due to the larger feeding area and are literally hidden in the marsh. So, unless you enjoy fleeting glimpses of birds’ heads popping out of the Spartina grass, try to time your viewing to coincide with high tide when the birds will be moving out of the tall grass and in from the mud flats to cluster in flocks on higher, more open, ground. Perhaps the best area to find shorebirds in this manner is Nauset Marsh, Eastham. Be sure to take a long sleeved shirt and insect repellent, unless you want to be a walking hors-d’oeuvre for greenhead flies which can be fierce in mid-July!

If you are interested in looking for land birds, or if you want to balance your Cape Cod bird list, try the following areas in the solitude of early morning before the shrieking multitudes have had a chance to wipe the sand from their eyes: the Beech Forest in Provincetown; the White Cedar Swamp, Wellfleet; and the Red Maple Swamp and Fort Hill in Eastham. In addition to the variety of birds welcoming you to each of these fascinating habitats in early morning in the Cape Cod summer: peace and quiet!

In conclusion, don’t forget to check with the Natural History Museum, the National Seashore, and the Wellfleet Audubon Sanctuary for additional information concerning field trips, lectures, and places to see birds. Besides a pair of good binoculars (or a spotting scope) and a standard field guide (Robbins, et. al. Birds of North America, or Peterson, Field Guide to the Birds), it would be worthwhile to procure a copy of Bailey, Birds of the Cape Cod National Seashore. This is a specialized guide to birds of this area which is both helpful and informative.

And one last thing, as you explore the Cape, remember that it is a highly fragile area, easily destroyed by human carelessness. Think twice before you park your automobile off the road on the natural vegetation; by the end of the summer it might well be gone.

The newly formed Cape Cod Bird Club, of which the author of this article is Vice President and Mrs. Lucian Rowell President, attracted immediate support and has gained many members. The club conducts field trips and lectures and has been meeting regularly at the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History.

June, 1972

When did it start and why? Year after year it continues as it has for countless ages. Changes occur, but mostly from the destructive efforts of man in his greedy, wasteful means of harvesting the sea.

Our beginning of the year: January, a cold bleak, windy month. The fish are scattered. A few hardy cod remain on shoals of the Atlantic Coast of the Cape. The larger schools have long since gone to warmer and deeper water, along with “trash fish”, lobsters, crabs, for the shallow waters of the coast have become much too cold.

The pond, or black back, flounder is snug in his headwater, quietly lying in his bed of mud, as so the eel in the spring hole, or marsh bank.

February. Still the coast fish remain in deep water, but the flounder starts from the mud on sunny days. Soon, but by March, he begins to spawn and move from the pond back to sea. Cod begin to return to the ocean shoals, scattered at first, and then in schools. He first appears to the south and then works north.

In the last days of March and the first few of April, sea herring show, in from deep water to the coastal shoals and bays. About this time come the alewives. Soon they will gather and commence their run to spawning areas in fresh waters. This continues into late April and May. Now there are many other fish. In the bays squid are appearing in increasing numbers, returning, as the herring, to their place of birth to spawn again. For the same reason come the mackerel? Outside on coastal shoals, pollack, a few early bass, and countless kinds of “trash fish” appear. Deeper off, haddock return, full of spawn. Halibut arrived in April. All life in the sea and bays respond to the spring. This is the way for as long as fishermen tell.

May and June: alive with bass, blues and bait fish (shiners, white bait). In come some fluke, butterfish, and occasionally squeteague (weak fish, sea trout), and some porpoise, and now and then a sturgeon.

It continues through the summer. Most squid leave; the young show up from the spawn -a meal for bass and blue on their way to the sea. Herring left long ago. Sardines leave late. Mackerel leave the bays, then school outside to depart. By fall all that remain are blues, bass, some bonito, scup and trash. Lobsters came and are leaving fast. Each to their completing cycle.

On the shoals, the cod are bunching. They will stay until the real cold weather, and then leave. The last fish of the bays will be scup and fall herring. Then nothing, until the pond flounder returns at the end of October and the beginning of November to his winter home in the mud. Haddock move to deeper water. Winter closes in.

There is an emptiness, and a house-cleaning to come from the winter’s violence. The Cape coasts and bays seem to sleep, but in reality it is a deep breathing, an exhaling, a readying for the next breath of spring.

HARVEY BLOOMER is a fisherman out of Chatham, as was his father, grandfather and great-grandfather. Now-a-days he handlines for cod in the spring and fall, and in the summer puts out some 400 lobster pots off Monomy Point.

June, 1972

Environmental Education -The Museum’s Program

by Robert Lucas, Educational Assistant

Our Environmental Science Program now in its second year, is by no means polished and perfected, but we are proud of our endeavors and we believe that we are making accomplishments in developing an environmental awareness in the young people with whom we work. The program reaches a total of more than 1000 children in attendance at the following elementary schools: Ezra Baker in Dennis, Brewster Elementary, Eastham Elementary, Orleans Elementary, Trinity School of Cape Cod in Yarmouth, Truro Central, and Wellfleet Elementary. We hope to keep you informed of the aims of the program, the principles upon which we are operating, and what we believe have been successes and failures and why.

The term environmental education probably has as many interpretations as there are people who use the words. To some it means nature study, to others it connotes a sophisticated experimental approach to science, and to many it is the instant panacea to our environmental problems. Even the educators currently involved in environmental education would not be in unanimous agreement on a definition of the term, but the majority would probably subscribe to the following: environmental science should be taught outdoors, should involve exploration, and should impart a sense of awareness to the student. The Museum’s program embodies, to varying degrees, the above three principles.

Donald Schall, the director, and Robert Lucas, the educational assistant present a series of 30 weekly lessons, the majority of which are planned for outdoors or have at least an outdoor involvement following a short classroom introduction. Mother Nature, herself, can be the weak point here -inclement weather keeps us inside when we should be out. Not that a nature hike in the rain or snow is a bad thought; it is just that there is always a sizeable number of children who are ill-prepared for wet weather.

We use the school grounds rather than take costly bus trips to parks and sanctuaries. The school grounds, no matter how scant or seemingly devoid of subject material, are available on a day-to-day basis, thus are the best location for an outdoor learning area. We, on the Cape, are somewhat luckier than our fellow teachers in the inner-city because we have an exciting abundance of natural material to discover around each of the seven elementary schools. When busing can be arranged, we do take 2 field trips: one to the visitor center and Coast Guard Beach at the National Seashore and the other to our Museum to expose the children to the facilities available for their use.

The lessons we develop, geared for grades 1 through 5, allow for some individual and team exploration of the outdoors. The exploration needs a degree of structure because the outdoor lesson is still too new to the children and going outdoors means recess (freedom and playtime) to many children. For this reason we are bringing some of the formality of the classroom outdoors with us, but we are also making a conscious effort to provide an informal learning experience. We find that an introduction to explain the purposes of the lesson is essential and that a review, when time allows, is beneficial. The children become more involved when given specific assignments either on a team or individual basis. “Find who lives in this block of soil”, “how old do you think that tree is”, “how many plants and animals can you find in one square foot of lawn”, “what happens to fallen leaves” elicits interest and response from most children.

Awareness rather than knowledge is the key word. The awareness a child develops through constant exposure to the things around him is more important than any amount of factual knowledge he is able to imbibe. We do not look for regurgitation of facts following a lesson, but rather, hope for development of lifetime interests in natural sciences which help a person have an appreciation of his environment and its importance to him.

The teachers are asked to accompany the class outdoors, in fact, most teachers express a desire to do just that. Teacher involvement is very important; there is no such animal as a teacher who knows too little about science to venture, with class, on an outdoor lesson in the absence of the Museum instructor. A child quickly learns respect for a teacher who can say “I don’t know, but let’s return to the library or classroom and try to find the answer.” We work with a total of 27 teachers (many of whom are very capable in science) and all could be and should be bringing their class outdoors for environmental learning experiences. We hope that we are helping to build the teachers’ confidence in their own abilities outdoors, as well as provide them with ideas for lessons. We also suggest that the teacher, when time allows, follow up the lesson, especially by returning outdoors with the class. In the long run the success of any environmental science program, such as ours, will be measured by the total number of classes (regardless of subject or discipline) being taught both outdoors and in the classroom.

Far too often children are taught, by example if not directly, to think of themselves as managers or trustees of our natural heritage and living in a world which they control and from which they stand apart. If children can develop an awareness of themselves as a part of their environment; and as being as critically dependent on it for survival as any other living creature, then their world will become more meaningful and valuable to them.

As a brief example of one of our outdoor lessons and also as a suggestion to teachers looking for ideas we present the following:

THE SENSORY NATURE TRAIL SETUP -Scout the area near your school for a section of land about 75 feet in length with the greatest variety of plants, soil, logs, rocks, etc. Be sure that you can recognize poison ivy! Rub or bruise a few leaves, smell them; if there is bare soil or fallen leaves, grab a handful -feel and smell it. Now you are ready to mark the trail. Start by placing a heavy string or rope about 150 feet long, winding it from one plant to another to a rock to a tree to a fallen log, etc. Use paper baggage tags, with string attached, and a marking pen to label your trail. Choose features about 6 to 10 feet apart on the trail: if the leaves on a plant are rough, hairy, or smooth mark the label “feel”; if you encounter plants like wintergreen, cherry, juniper, bayberry, pine or any plant with a distinctive odor, mark the label “smell”. Where bare soil exists, ask the students to bend down and pick up a handful-let your imagination run wild and label as many items as practical.

LESSON -After discussing the importance of the 5 tools (senses) and explaining why no tasting will be allowed, divide the class into pairs. Blindfold one child in each pair and start the first pair on the trail. As each pair walks the nature trail, the child who can see, acts as the eyes for the blindfolded one and interprets the labels, helping the other. At the halfway mark along the trail the blindfold is exchanged and the previously blind becomes the eyes for the other child. Stress the importance of slow and careful sensing.

REMARKS -The set-up should not take more than 1 hour of your time and the lesson can be done with a minimum of scientific knowledge (the only identification which is essential is that of poison ivy). This can be a good first lesson because it not only emphasizes the use of the senses and exploration but also shows the child that knowing the names of various rocks, plants, etc. is nonessential to learning -that much can be learned by just using his own senses.

June, 1972

Oil Spill on the Wild Harbor Marsh

by John M. Teal and Kathryn A. Burns

The oil spill at West Falmouth which resulted from the grounding of a fuel oil barge in September 1969, is probably the best studied such accident in the world. Within one week of the spill scientists at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution began studying the lethal effects of the oil on bottom animals. Observation of changes in abundance and distribution of animals and chemical characteristics of the oil remaining in the sediments have continued to the present.

Our work has dealt with the effects of the oil on the salt marshes of the Wild Harbor river onto which the oil was carried by a storm a few days after the spill. In spite of large numbers of dead estuarine animals, the immediate, apparent effect of the oil on the marsh itself was minimal. Marsh grasses were already seasonally brown when oiled. Dead fish and mussels were found on the marsh surface but throughout the first winter after the spill the marsh was fairly normal in appearance. During the following spring the effect of the oil became apparent.

Grass did not sprout on the oiled marsh as it did on the unoiled portions which turned green as usual. A small growth of green algae, along with a scattering of Salicornia (saltwort) grew on the oiled surface but the sparse growth only emphasized how complete was the destruction. Plant production of the oiled portion was reduced to zero. What little production remained was not sufficient to offset the rate of decomposition. The latter was determined by measuring carbon dioxide production resulting from the respiratory activity of all marsh organisms. Since only a few minute soil animals remained in the marsh, most of this activity was due to bacteria. Even this bacterial activity on the oiled marsh was only one quarter of that on the nearby healthy marsh.

We analyzed mud and marsh organisms collected the summer after the spill and found measurable quantities of oil in all marsh animals and plants living on or next to the dead marsh. We also found the contaminated mud to contain less oil (170 ppm-parts of oil per million parts of mud by weight) in areas on which Salicornia grew than in areas where all plants were dead (3000 ppm). The oil had penetrated down into the mud more than three feet and had also spread laterally in small amounts (30 ppm), into adjacent, originally unoiled marsh. The marsh grass growing where there was lateral spreading didn’t show any effect of oil.

Apparently, 30 ppm of oil is insufficient to kill plants. One hundred seventy ppm will kill marsh grasses but not all marsh plants, while some higher amount will kill all plants. Unpolluted salt marsh mud contains about 5 ppm of hydrocarbons or oils which come from natural sources, the plants themselves. The amounts of oil in the organisms seemed to be related to how close they lived to the mud on which the oil settled. Algae on the mud contained several hundreds of parts per million while fish and eels that visited the marsh only to feed contained only eighty or less. However, a herring gull that was feeding on animals killed by the spill had accumulated 550 ppm in its muscles and brain. We do not know what the effects of such accumulations may be but do not think they contribute to the organisms’ well being.

We studied and are continuing to study the recovery of the marsh. During the second summer after the accident, more Salicornia grew and some marsh grass began to grow on the oiled area. The grass was greener that that growing on unaffected, nearby marsh due to the large supply of plant nutrients which had been released from the killed grass and held in the mud over the winter. Animals returned to the marsh also. A few fiddler crabs tame back. C1amworms were fairly abundant in a few areas and live mussels were found in the mud. Mummichogs moved in with the tides. We cannot say, however, whether they were actually feeding in the oiled marsh. We know very little concerning the reasons for the return of the animals. Oil remains in the marsh in large amounts, almost as much as was there immediately following the spill.

Perhaps the composition of the oil has changed with the most toxic parts evaporated or gone into solution, at least from the surface layers of the mud. Or perhaps there has been a selection for individuals that are more resistant to oil than the average and it is only these more resistant types that are now living on the marsh. These questions are occupying us at the moment and we hope to have at least partial answers soon.

Whatever the reasons for the recovery, the recovery itself illustrates the tough nature of the salt marsh eco-system. Even though it may be subject to a great deal of insult from humans and human products, it can survive. For the insulted Wild Harbor marsh it is too early to say more than that it is tough and it is recovering.

The mud is still full of oil and it would appear that it will stay full of oil for many decades. We can see little indication of change in either amount or composition of oil in the deeper marsh sediments.

How complete will the recovery be? Has the marsh been made more resistant to another spill by the first or made more susceptible? Would a different sort of insult, sewage pollution or a natural event as an unusually cold winter, damage the once oiled marsh more than one that has never been subjected to a spill? It is possible we may never know the complete answers to all these questions but we have probable answers. The damage affected only a relatively few acres of marsh in one small bay, but it has provided a great deal of information about how marshes are affected by oil and hopefully will give us a great deal more about how they recover.

Background references:

Burns, Kathryn A. and j. M. Teal, 1971, “Hydrocarbon incorporation into the salt marsh ecosystem from the West Falmouth oil spill” W.H.O.1. Technical Report 71-69. Blumer,

M., j. Sass, G. Sauza, H. Sanders, F. Grassle, and G. Hampson, 1970, “The West Falmouth oil spilL” W.H.O.1. Technical Report 70-44. Blumer, M., et al 1972, “The West Falmouth oil spill” W.H.O.1. Technical Report 72-20 I. Biology. II. Chemistry.

Blumer, M., et al, 1971, “A small oil spill” Environment 13, 1-12. Hampson, G. R. and H. L. Sanders, 1969, “A Local oil spill” Oceanus XV, 8-10.

DR. TEAL, a Senior Scientist in the Biology Department of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, is the author, in collaboration with his wife Mildred, of the book “Life and Death of the Salt Marsh”, published by Little, Brown and Company. Mrs. Burns is a graduate student with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution joint program in biological oceanography.

Male Fiddler Crab Uca pugnax Photo by Robert Burns

1.    Reference List

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59.    Brown, Laura . With the spring comes the tick season and Lyme disease. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):59-63.

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61.    Bush, Eileen  and Shiflett, Debbie. The wild pantry in your backyard. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):4-7.

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92.    —. Sea-beans : long distance drifters from the south. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Winter; 3(3):40-45.

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99.    —. The John Henry site :  prehistoric harvesting of the tidal flat. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):11.

100.    —. Smoke from a distant fire : 5000 years ago at Upper Mill Pond. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:50-56.

101.    `Dunford, Fred and O’Brien, Greg. The mysteries of Wing Island. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:8-18.

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103.    Dunford, Frred. In the season of beach plums : Native origins. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:55-59.

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105.    Edwards, Robert and Edwards, Eric. Censusing the Falmouth butterflies. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):14-19.

106.    Edwards, Robert L. and Edwards, Eric H. Cape Cod’s burrowing wolf spiders. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):12-19.

107.    Emery, K. O. A small Indian midden in Quissett. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8(4):68-71.

108.    Fales, Janis. Foot-tickler of the flats : the common sand shrimp. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Winter; 3(3):50-51.

109.    Fellman, Bruce. Deep in a pond, life slows down. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):48-53.

110.    —. How do the trees know it’s fall? Cape Naturalist . 1986 Fall; 15(2):27-30.

111.    Finch, Robert. The Cape itself. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:16-25.

112.    —. A day of roads. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:40-51.

113.    —. Hyla crucifer : the voice of spring. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Spring; 2( 4):64-65.

114.    —. Life in the dead of winter. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):58-61.

115.    —. Meeting the alewives of Stony Brook. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):17-19.

116.    —. Migrating south with the birds. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):3-6.

117.    —. Saving the whales. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:18-26.

118.    —. A sense of place. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3 ):56-57.

119.    Finch, Robert. Summer flats. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Summer; 15(1):3-5.

120.    Finch, Robert. Taxes, restrictions and oen space. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):42-43.

121.    Fisk, Erma. The 1975 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3):58-59.

122.    Fisk, Erma J. The 1973 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Sep; 2(2):30-33, 49.

123.    —. The 1977 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):61-63.

124.    —. Banding recoveries from Cape Cod sand-nesting birds. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):76, 79.

125.    —. How long do birds live? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):67-70.

126.    Fisk, Jonnie. The 1976 tern seaon. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):62-63.

127.    Friary, Ned  and Bendure, Glenda.  Natural steps : walks from a naturalist’s hiking guide. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:60-68.

128.    Friedman, James M. Salt marshes and the constitution. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):44-49.

129.    Gagnon, David A. Attack from the sky : acid rain and Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Winter; 10(3):47-52.

130.    Gibson, Dan  and Gibson, Vicki. The living fossil comes of age. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):72-75.

131.    —. The living fossil’s habits. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):18-22.

132.    Gilmore, Lucy. Teaching nature to a child : inspiration for guiding young minds. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:54-56.

133.    Goldsmith, Victor and Goldsmith, Yvonne E. Waves against Cape Cod ; an uneasy truce. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):16-19.

134.    Hansen, Tor . Cycle of change ; the cecropia’s journey . Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:78-79.

135.    —. Of mustery and migration : the Baltimore checkerspots. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:44-46.

136.    —. Preserving Brewster’s windmill meadow : a case against  mowing. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:50-51.

137.    —. The springtime dance of the eiders. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):64-66.

138.    Harris, James T. When the herring gulls nest. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Spring; 5(4):68-71.

139.    Hay, John. The bird of light : migrants in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:26-35.

140.    —. Dedication of new wing and a rededication of purpose. Cape Naturalist. 1987; 16(3):54-59.

141.    —. Desertion of the fishes. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:58-67.

142.    —. Endangeres species : we are the custodians. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):13-15.

143.    —. The flight of the snapping turtle. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 11(4):77,-79.

144.    —. The marvels of Cape Cod : wonders that defy us. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:36-37.

145.    —. Numbers before llife. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Spring; 5(4):78.

146.    —. The song of the chipmunk. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):28-30.

147.    Hay, John. Swallows and swallowtails. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:11-16.

148.    Hay, John and Breivogel, Carl. Running on empty ; are we neglecting the alewives? Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:25-29.

149.    Hedberg, Harold. If you don’t like the weather, wait a minute. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):68-70.

150.    Heusmann, H. W. Are Canada geese a threat to shellfish ? Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):46-48.

151.    —. Plight of the black duck. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Spring; 13(4):59-61.

152.    Holt, Denver W. The short-eared owl in Massachusetts . Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):31-35.

153.    Holt, Denver W.; Humphrey, Robert C., and Lortie, John P. The mammals of Monomoy Wildlife Refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Spring; 15(4):63-69.

154.    Horwitz, Ellie. The bats of Massachusetts are getting some attention. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):53-59.

155.    Hudson, Leslie J. A rose by the sea. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):31-34.

156.    Humphrey, Robert C. The American oystercatcher on Monommoy National Wildlife Refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):20-23.

157.    Jenkins, Robert E jr. Another view of shellfish farming. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):17.

158.    Keith, Allan R. Hoary bat at Martha’s Vineyard in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3):52-53.

159.    Keller, Sarah. Cultivating  the sense of wonder. Cape Naturalist. 1994;  22:80-82.

160.    Kerfoot, William B. Living filters and water conservation on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):4-12.

161.    Knox, Dorothy H. Recycling on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):13-14.

162.    Kurlychek, George A. Charting Gulf Stream surface currents : a junior high school experiment. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):14-17.

163.    Laderman, Aimlee. Hidden cedar swamp kettles of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):36-39.

164.    Lash, Rebecca. The busy season for the predatory wasps. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):27-30.

165.    —. The complex community of milkweed. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):44-46.

166.    —. Some late summer visitors and whee they live. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):14-16.

167.    —. The watcher in the shadows. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):21-22.

168.    —. Where to find insects in winter. Cape Naturalist . 1984 Winter; 13(3):43-45.

169.    Leach, Robert. Shellfishing and lobstering on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):25-29.

170.    Leaning, John R. Outlook on the outfall pipe. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:22-26.

171.    —. Update on the outfall. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:49-51.

172.    LeBlond, Richard. A most dangerous profession. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):60-61.

173.    —. Noah’s gangplank. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):20-21.

174.    —. The orchids of Cape Cod : nature’s beautiful machines. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):8-13.

175.    —. Our sandplain grasslands : belittled, ignored and nationally significant. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):14-18.

176.    —. The quaking bog of Shank Painter Pond. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):5-9.

177.    —. Some summer friends can become better known in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):60-63.

178.    Limon, Jodie Ann. Massachusetts natural heritage program : inventory and protection of natural diversity. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Spring; 13(4):67-70.

179.    Lindborg, Kristina L. C. Where do they help the injured birda? Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1 ):11-15.

180.    Loebig, Mary. The natural year : through the eyes of children, nature is a whole new world. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:74-79.

181.    Longland, David R. Lawns, meadows or both? Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):15-18.

182.    Lord, Robin . Lure of the Cape : inshore fisheries doing fine, thank you. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:22-23.

183.    —. Precious resource : a look at our sole-source auifer. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:30-33.

184.    Lucas, Robert. Environmental education–The museum’s program. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):6-7.

185.    —. Soil, flowers, hornets & peanuts. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):64-65.

186.    —. The wild mushroom. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):48-49.

187.    Luebke, Felicity. Life under a log : a guide for field trips. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:58-60.

188.    MacIvor, Laurie H.; Griffin, Curtice R., and Melvin, Scott M. South Beach Island : a break for the birds. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):72-76.

189.    MacKenzie, Ralph S. A gallery of Cape Cod birds. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):37-39.

190.    MacKenzie, Ralph Snow. Cape Cod nature portfolio. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):9-112.

191.    Marcus, Jon . Net results : the state of offshore fisheries. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:12-18.

192.    —. A success story ; striped bass. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:19.

193.    Mavor, James W. jr and Dix, Byron E. Ritual stones of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):6-12.

194.    Mayo, Charles III. Seasons of the sea. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1):9-12.

195.    Mayo, Charles Stormy. Global issues : the right whale. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:42-48.

196.    McClung, Robert M. Limulus polyphemus, a living fossil. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):38-42.

197.    —. My butterfly year. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 2(4 ):6-9.

198.    McKelway, Ben. Roads in the snow–hold the salt. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 11(4):69-71.

199.    McLarney, Bill. Notes of a fishwatcher. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):19-21.

200.    Mello, Mark . A Massachusetts rarity : the rediscovery of  Papaipema sulphurata. Cape Naturalist . 1988 Summer; 17(1):4-10.

201.    Mello, Mark J. Harbor life : benthic community structure in Provincetown Harbor. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):10-13.

202.    Middleton, Karen Chandler. Shellfish farming in native waters. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):58-60.

203.    Miller, Richard N. Chatham break : diary of a natural disaster. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Fall; 16(2):28-33.

204.    Minsky, Dennis. Episode at High Head. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):10-13.

205.    Mirick, Peter G. Hidden wildlife ; the mole salamanders. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Spring; 15(4):59-62.

206.    Morris, Larry. Return to the Saragasso. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):30-35.

207.    Moul, Edwin T. Life on a tree trunk. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):50-53.

208.    Newberger, Craig. In defense of tomorrow. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):33-34.

209.    —. A spring processional. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):19-21.

210.    Nickerson, Norton H. Freshwater wetlands : their nature and importance to man. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9( 1):5-10.
Notes: Prepared for and first published in 1978 by  The New England Environmental Network, The Lincoln Filene Center for Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts University
includes biblio.

211.    Nikula, Blair. Four and twenty blackbirds : the Christmas bid count. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18( 2):23-25.

212.    Nisbet, Ian . Moths, monocultures, and man. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):54-56.

213.    Nisbet, Ian C. T. The colonization of Monmoy laughing gulls. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1 ):4-8.

214.    O’Brien, Greg. A natural hisotry : the Museum’s first 40 years. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:12-17.

215.    O’Brien, Greg. Simple pleasures : watching the herring rum ; A symbol of the Cape’s reawakening. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:46-49.

216.    —. Who will calm the sea?  ‘Worn to a few sandy shoals’. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:20-21.

217.    Oldale, Robert. Geologic origins of  Stellwagon Bank. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:27-31.

218.    —. The geology of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:61-73.

219.    —. Giveth and taketh away : coastal erosion on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:36-43.

220.    Oldale, Robert N. Cape Cod’s “magic’ quartz pebbles : see them glow iin the dark. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:44-45.

221.    Petersen, Wayne. Project seawatch–focusing on the scoters. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Mar; 1(4):58-60.

222.    Peterson, Susan. Cape Cod’s fishery cooperatives. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):45-50.

223.    Petry, Loren C. Autumn coloration. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):35.

224.    Pike, Kip. Soiled magnificence : a story of alcids and oil. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):34-39.

225.    Pond, Barbara. The uses of weeds. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1):3-5.
Notes: From : A Sampler of Wayside Herbs

226.    Poole, Alan . Cape Cod’s elusive ospreys. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):48-54.

227.    Portnoy, J. W. and Soukup, M. A. Can the Cape’s diked salt marshes be restored? Cape Naturalist. 1988 Fall; 17(2):28-33.

228.    —. From salt marsh to forest : the outer Cape’s wetlands. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Fall; 11(2):28-34.

229.    Prescott, Robert. The hawk and I. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):58-60.

230.    —. Lower Cape seal census, 1978-1979. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7( 3):50.

231.    —. The men in gray flannael suits. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):16-19.

232.    Prescott, robert. Oiled birds : first victims. Cape Naturalist. 1977; 5(4):76-77.

233.    Prescott, Robert. The strandidng of ilex illecebrosus . Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6(1):17-19.

234.    —. Toward the winter cold. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Spring; 3(4):62-63.

235.    —. Two marine strandings. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):56-57.

236.    —. Wild edibles of Cape wetlands or, How to catch a Sagittaria Latifolia. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1):12-14.

237.    —. The winter the seals died. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):20-21.

238.    Prescott, Robert L. The tragedy on Lieutenant Island. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):68.

239.    Redfield, A. C. and Emery, K. O. The evolution of Pilgrim Lke. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6 (1):4-9.

240.    Redfield, Alfred C. The critical surplus : an analysis of Cape Cod’s water table. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7( 1):5-7.

241.    —. The Sandy Neck quawk colony. Cape Naturalist. 1976; 4(4):65-70.

242.    —. Tide and time on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):22-26.

243.    Regan, Margaret. Marriage of the minds : a natural team for research. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:38-42.

244.    Reynolds, Diane. Of moose and men : peaceful coexistence. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):16-18.

245.    Robinson, Mark H. Saving lands through trust. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:19-20.

246.    Ropes, John W. How clams move.  Cape Naturalist. 1988 Fall; 17(2):34-38.

247.    —. How old is that surf clam? Cape Naturalist. 1984 Winter; 13(3):49-51.

248.    Rowell, Miriam. Birding on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):66.

249.    Rowell, Miriam L. Birding on Cape cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):32.

250.    Rowell, Miriam L. In defense of blue jays. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):15-16.

251.    —. The smallest falcon. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):46-47.

252.    Russell, Louise. Ancient mariner : the mysterious horseshoe crab. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:38-41.

253.    Sargent, William. Of men and oysters in Pleasant Bay.  Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):29-31, 38.

254.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : American beech. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):42-43.

255.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : American holly. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9( 3):66-67.

256.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : Atlantic white cedar. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Spring; 7(4):78.

257.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : eastern red cedar and Eastern hemlock. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):22-23.

258.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : red maple (acer rubrum). Cape Naturalist. 19980 Spring; 9(4):74-75.

259.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : The “other” pines. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7( 3):58-61.

260.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : the pitch pine. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Fall; 7(2):38-39.

261.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : The sassafras. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7( 1):22-23.

262.    —. Cape Cod’s trees : the white oak group. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):22-23.

263.    —. Cape Cod’s trees ; Wild black cherry. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):38-39.

264.    —. Cape Cod trees : American elm (Ulmus americana). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):13.

265.    —. Cape Cod trees ; black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):39.

266.    —. Cape Cod trees : black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 01(4):71.

267.    —. Cape Cod trees : gray birch ( Betula populifolia). Cape Naturalist. 1981 Winter; 10(3):53.

268.    —. Cape Cod trees : mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosas). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):55.

269.    —. Cape Cod trees : the red oak group. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8( 4):78-79.

270.    —. Cape Cod trees : trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):32.

271.    —. Cape Cod trees : white ash (Fraxinus americana). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Fall; (11):2.

272.    —. Endangered survey. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 9(4 ):76.

273.    —. Paine’s Creek : the preservation of solitude. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):14-16.

274.    —. Salt spray, shaper of beach plants. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4( 3):50-53.

275.    Schall, Donald and Murley, Dennis. Survey of the pond flora of Cape Cod, Massachusets. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):58-61.

276.    Schloerb, Ron. Treasured island : Monomoy National Wildlife refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:20-30.

277.    Seattle, Chief. The end of living and the beginning of survival. Cape Naturalist. 19889 Winter; 18(2):42-46.

278.    Sheldom, William G. The woodcock…Cape Cod shorebird of the uplands. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):38-.

279.    Sheldon, William. The return of the wild turkey. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Spring; 3(4):57-61.

280.    —. The ruffed grouse : winter survival and spring thunder. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Spring; 2(4):55-61.

281.    Sheldon, William G. The red fox, expert survival. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Spring; 6(4):68-71.

282.    Sheran, Kathleen A. Codium : a single-celled trespasser. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(7-9).

283.    Shiflett-Fitton, Deborah. But what does a naturalist do? Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):62-63.

284.    Simonitsch, James. Bullraking. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):30.

285.    Simser, Dave. How serious is the gypsy moth menace? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):6-12.

286.    Simser, Dave and Moran, Pam.  As long as there have been humans, there have been fleas. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):19-21.

287.    Slesinger, Jeff. A day at the race. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7(1):8-14, 19.

288.    Smedley, Scott. The Baltimore checkerspot. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):32-33.

289.    —. The Cape Cod lepidoptera inventory. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 10(4):72-77.
Notes: includes biblio.

290.    —. A gypsy moth primer. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 9(4):77-82.
Notes: includes biblio.

291.    Smedley, Scott R. “Join hands for protection of wildlife and natural habitat for man’s encroaching development”. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):14-16.
Notes: …first-place winning speech presented…before the Massachusetts Federation of  Garden Clubs…at Cape cod Community College, West Barnstable on J.anuary 20, 1979

292.    Smith, Harold. The sandhill crane on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):35-36.

293.    Sonnenberg, Eileen. kids’ corner : animal tracks. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Winter-1988 Winter; 16(3):66-67.

294.    Souza, matt . Can we afford the mute swan? Cape Naturalist. 1984 Winter; 13(3):46-48.

295.    Spitzer, Numi C. The cape Cod mammal survey : Summer, 1976. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6(1):10-16.

296.    Steuer, Karen. Ancient visitors : the sea turtles of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):52-57.

297.    Svenson, Henry K. Insect-catching plants, particularly of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):12-14.

298.    Teal, John M. Life and death of the salt marsh : another look. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:14-17.

299.    Teal, John M. and Burns, Kathryn A. Oil spill on the Wild Harbor marsh. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):3-5.

300.    Todd, Nancy  and Todd, John. New alchemy on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):3-6.

301.    Townsend, Richard W. Collecting seashells on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):17-19.

302.    —. Some common marine gastropods of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1):15-19.

303.    Trull, Peter. The coming of the coyote. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:35-38.

304.    —. A field guide to the terns of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):53-54.

305.    —. Life in a tern colony. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Spring; 6(4):72-75.

306.    —. The roseate tern : a life in the balance. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):44-51.

307.    —. A sampling from : A Field Guide to the Birds of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:36-41.

308.    —. Terns in winter : a management concern. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Fall; 13(2):27-32.

309.    Valois, John. Loligo : ice cream cone of the Atlantic. Cape Naturalist. 1882 Spring; 10(4):68-69.

310.    Veit, Richard R. and Petersen, Wayne R. Wingspan. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:68-75.

311.    Waters, Barbara S. Marine aquariums–Cape Cod style. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):24-30.

312.    —. The neighborhood puddle needs protection, too. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):62-64.

313.    Waters, John F. Encounter : the compleat naturalist and thedefiant chipmunk. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):67.

314.    Wheeler, C. L. The green crab heads north. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):26-33.

315.    Whitbread, Thomas f. A catbird documentary. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):36-37.

316.    Zaremba, Robert. Coast Guard Beach : a case study in the importance of drift lines. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9( 3):49-55.

317.    —. Coast Guard Beach : toward a model for northern barrier beach processes. Cape Naturalist; 7(2):28-34, 37.

318.    Zaremba, Robert E.; Patterson, William A III, and Rudnicky, James. Prescribed burning experiments in nantucket heathlands. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):49-55.

319.    Zinn, Donald. The marrow of nature. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):48-49.

320.    Zinn, Donald J. Another visitor makes a home on the Cape. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Fall; 15(2):31-324.

321.    —. A can of sea worms. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Sep; 2(2):257.

322.    —. Cormorants : magnificent and useful, though smelly. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11 (3):61.

323.    —. Fiddler on the beach. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):4-9.

324.    —. Relationaships in a Cape Cod woodpile. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):12.

325.    —. A sedimental journey. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):3-7.

326.    —. Survival or surrender for our endangered wildlife :”Extinction is forever”. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):16-19.

327.    —. A world beneath your feet. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Fall; 6(2):29-32.

Reference List

Acid rain

1.    Gagnon, David A. Attack from the sky : acid rain and Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Winter; 10(3):47-52.

Adder’s tongue

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : Adder’s tongue  (Ophioglossum vulgatum variety pseudopodum). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):63.

Alcidae

1.    Pike, Kip. Soiled magnificence : a story of alcids and oil. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):34-39.

Alewife

1.    Finch, Robert . Meeting the alewives of Stony Brook. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):17-19.

2.    Hay, John and Breivogel, Carl. Running on empty ; are we neglecting the alewives? Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:25-29.

3.    O’Brien, Greg . Simple pleasures : watching the herring rum ; A symbol of the Cape’s reawakening. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:46-49.

American elm

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : American elm (Ulmus americana). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):13.

Animal tracks

1.    Cairn, North. Keeping tracks. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:3-5.

2.    Sonnenberg, Eileen. kids’ corner : animal tracks. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Winter-1988 Winter; 16(3):66-67.

Animals–Habitations

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Relationaships in a Cape Cod woodpile. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):12.

Archaeology–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Dunford, Fred . Archaeological sites succumbing to human and natural pressures. Cape Naturalist. 1987; 16(3):60-65.

2.    `Dunford, Fred and O’Brien, Greg. The mysteries of Wing Island. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:8-18.

3.    Mavor, James W. jr and Dix, Byron E. Ritual stones of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):6-12.

Archaeology–United States

1.    Dunford, Frederick J. 1950 : American archaeology at mid-century. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:42-47.

Aspen

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides). Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):32.

Asters

1.    Highway as habitat. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):20.

Atlantic brant

1.    Clough, Thomas R. The little  sea goose. Cape Naturalist; Fall 1976(5):2.

Atlantic white cedar

1.    Laderman, Aimlee. Hidden cedar swamp kettles of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):36-39.

2.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : Atlantic white cedar. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Spring; 7(4):78.

Aviaries

1.    Carpenter, Ginger. The museum has its aviary again. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):61.

Barrier beaches

1.    Zaremba, Robert. Coast Guard Beach : toward a model for northern barrier beach processes. Cape Naturalist; 7(2):28-34, 37.

Barrier islands

1.    Barrier island habitats : worlds of constant change. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:31-33.

Bats

1.    Horwitz, Ellie. The bats of Massachusetts are getting some attention. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):53-59.

2.    Keith, Allan R. Hoary bat at Martha’s Vineyard in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3):52-53.

Beach erosion

1.    Oldale, Robert. Giveth and taketh away : coastal erosion on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:36-43.

Beach erosion–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Carr, Elliott . Holding back the sea : one man’s view. Cape Naturalist. 1997;  24:24-31.

Beaches–Study and teaching

1.    Shore to please : a children’s guide to beaches. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:72-76.

Beech

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : American beech. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):42-43.

Billingsgate (Wellfleet, Mass.)

1.    O’Brien, Greg . Who will calm the sea?  ‘Worn to a few sandy shoals’. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:20-21.

Biological diversity conservation

1.    LeBlond, Richard. Noah’s gangplank. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):20-21.

Biologists

1.    Regan, Margaret. Marriage of the minds : a natural team for research. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:38-42.

Bird banding

1.    Fisk, Erma J.  Banding recoveries from Cape Cod sand-nesting birds. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):76, 79.

Bird banding–Massachusetts–Monomoy Island

1.    Baird, James. A migrant mystery at Monomoy. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Spring; 4(4):71-75.

Bird carving

1.    Ahlstrom, Carl. Bird carving : realism or impressionism? Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):36-38.

Bird populations–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Bailey, Wallace. The Cape Cod Christmas bird count. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Spring; 2(4):66-68.

Bird refuges

1.    Lindborg, Kristina L. C. Where do they help the injured birda? Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1 ):11-15.

Bird watching

1.    Carpenter, Ginger. Sub-zero birdwatching. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 13(4):62.

Bird watching–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Bartlett, Randolph. Birding on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):12-13.

2.    Rowell, Miriam. Birding on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):66.

3.    Rowell, Miriam L. Birding on Cape cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):32.

Birds

1.    Hay, John. Numbers before llife. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Spring; 5(4):78.

2.    Prescott, robert. Oiled birds : first victims. Cape Naturalist. 1977; 5(4):76-77.

Birds–Behavior

1.    Fisk, Erma J.  How long do birds live? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):67-70.

Birds–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    MacIvor, Laurie H.; Griffin, Curtice R., and Melvin, Scott M. South Beach Island : a break for the birds. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):72-76.

2.    MacKenzie, Ralph S. A gallery of Cape Cod birds. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):37-39.

3.    Nikula, Blair . Four and twenty blackbirds : the Christmas bid count. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):23-25.

4.    Trull, Peter. A sampling from : A Field Guide to the Birds of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:36-41.

5.    Veit, Richard R. and Petersen, Wayne R. Wingspan. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:68-75.

Birds–Migration

1.    Cairn, North. Missing music : the plight of migratory songbirds. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:32-34.

2.    Finch, Robert . Migrating south with the birds. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):3-6.

Black-crowned night heron

1.    Redfield, Alfred C. The Sandy Neck quawk colony. Cape Naturalist. 1976;  4(4):65-70.

Black duck

1.    Heusmann, H. W. Plight of the black duck. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Spring; 13(4):59-61.

Black gum

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees ; black gum (Nyssa sylvatica). Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):39.

Black locust

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : black locust (Robina pseudoacacia). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 01(4):71.

Blue jay

1.    Rowell, Miriam L. In defense of blue jays. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):15-16.

Bluefin tuna

1.    Conlon, John C. The elusive bluefin. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Fall; 13(2):35-37.

2.    Slesinger, Jeff. A day at the race. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7(1):8-14, 19.

Bogs, quaking

1.    LeBlond, Richard. The quaking bog of Shank Painter Pond. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):5-9.

Botanists

1.    LeBlond, Richard. A most dangerous profession. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):60-61.

Broom crowberry

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants :  broom crowberry. (Corema Conradii Torr.). Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:63-64.

Bushy rockrose

1.    Cape and islands rare and endangred plants : bushy rockrose (Helianthemum dumosum). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):19.

Butterflies

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : regal frittillary. (Speyeria idalia). Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):3.

2.    Dennis, John V. Some notes on changing butterfly populations. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):54-60.

3.    Edwards, Robert and Edwards, Eric. Censusing the Falmouth butterflies. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):14-19.

4.    Hansen, Tor. Of mustery and migration : the Baltimore checkerspots. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:44-46.

5.    —. Preserving Brewster’s windmill meadow : a case against  mowing. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:50-51.

6.    McClung, Robert M. My butterfly year. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 2(4):6-9.

7.    Smedley, Scott. The Baltimore checkerspot. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):32-33.

8.    —. The Cape Cod lepidoptera inventory. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 10(4):72-77.
Notes: includes biblio.

Butterfly weed

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants :  broom crowberry. (Corema Conradii Torr.). Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:63-64.

Canada goose

1.    Heusmann, H. W. Are Canada geese a threat to shellfish ? Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):46-48.

Cape Cod–Description and travel

1.    Finch, Robert . A day of roads. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:40-51.

Cape Cod–Description and travel–Views

1.    Coleman, David. Focus on the Cape : work of the Cape Photo Project. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:29-34.

Cape Cod (Mass.)–Antiquities

1.    Dunford, Fred . From Pleistocene to plague : man and naature on Cape Cod before 1629. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):4-8.

2.    —. Smoke from a distant fire : 5000 years ago at Upper Mill Pond. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:50-56.

3.    Dunford, Frred. In the season of beach plums : Native origins. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:55-59.

Cape Cod (Mass.)–Geology

1.    Oldale, Robert. The geology of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:61-73.

Cape Cod (Mass.)–Natural history

1.    Cairn, North. Necessary connections ; editor’s notes. Cape Naturalist. 1994;  21:3-5.

2.    Finch, Robert . The Cape itself. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:16-25.

3.    Loebig, Mary. The natural year : through the eyes of children, nature is a whole new world. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:74-79.

Cape Cod Museum of Natural History (Brewster, Mass.)

1.    Hay, John. Dedication of new wing and a rededication of purpose. Cape Naturalist. 1987; 16(3):54-59.

2.    O’Brien, Greg. A natural hisotry : the Museum’s first 40 years. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:12-17.

Catbird

1.    Whitbread, Thomas f. A catbird documentary. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):36-37.

Chatham break (Chatham, Mass.)

1.    Miller, Richard N. Chatham break : diary of a natural disaster. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Fall; 16(2):28-33.

Cherry

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees ; Wild black cherry. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):38-39.

Chipmunks

1.    Hay, John. The song of the chipmunk. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(2):28-30.

2.    Waters, John F. Encounter : the compleat naturalist and thedefiant chipmunk. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):67.

Christmas bird count

1.    Nikula, Blair . Four and twenty blackbirds : the Christmas bid count. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):23-25.

Clamming

1.    Finch, Robert. Summer flats. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Summer; 15(1):3-5.

Clams

1.    Ropes, John W. How clams move.  Cape Naturalist. 1988 Fall; 17(2):34-38.

2.    —. How old is that surf clam? Cape Naturalist. 1984 Winter; 13(3):49-51.

Coast changes

1.    O’Brien, Greg . Who will calm the sea?  ‘Worn to a few sandy shoals’. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:20-21.

2.    Oldale, Robert. Giveth and taketh away : coastal erosion on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:36-43.

Coast Guard Beach (Eastham, Mass.)

1.    Zaremba, Robert. Coast Guard Beach : a case study in the importance of drift lines. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9( 3):49-55.

2.    —. Coast Guard Beach : toward a model for northern barrier beach processes. Cape Naturalist; 7(2):28-34, 37.

Codium

1.    Sheran, Kathleen A. Codium : a single-celled trespasser. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(7-9).

Commom scoter

1.    Petersen, Wayne. Project seawatch–focusing on the scoters. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Mar; 1(4):58-60.

Common yellowthroat

1.    Baird, James. A migrant mystery at Monomoy. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Spring; 4(4):71-75.

Conservation of natural esources

1.    Smedley, Scott R. “Join hands for protection of wildlife and natural habitat for man’s encroaching development”. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):14-16.
Notes: …first-place winning speech presented…before the Massachusetts Federation of  Garden Clubs…at Cape cod Community College, West Barnstable on J.anuary 20, 1979

Copepoda

1.    Conlon, John C. Microscopic copepods : food source for maine animals. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):27-30.

Cormorants

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Cormorants : magnificent and useful, though smelly. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11 (3):61.

Coyotes–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Coyotes on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:6-7.

2.    Trull, Peter. The coming of the coyote. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:35-38.

Crabs

1.    Berrick, Stephen. The crab of the surf zone : mole crabs. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Fall; 15(2):35-37.

2.    Wheeler, C. L. The green crab heads north. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):26-33.

Cranberries

1.    Cross, Chester E. Fruit of the bogs : the American cranberry. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Sep; 2(2):22-24,  33-35.

Damselflies

1.    Brady, Willliam. Dragons and damsels. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Fall; 6(2):33-36.

2.    Carpenter, Ginger. Dragonflies and damselflies of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):36-41.

3.    —. The first barrens bluet damselfly in 35 years. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):43-47.

4.    Carpenter, Virginia. Dragonflies and damselflies of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:8-15.

Diamondback terrapin

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangred wildlife : northern diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin terrapin). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Fall; 17(1):27.

2.    Auger, Peter J. and Giovannone, Patricia. On the fringe of existence : Diamondback terrapins at Sandy Naeck. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(3):44-58.
Notes: includes biblio.

Dolphins

1.    Clapham, Phil . The dolphins  next door :  often seen but poorly understood. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Winter-1988 Winter; 16(3):48-53.

Dragonflies

1.    Brady, Willliam. Dragons and damsels. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Fall; 6(2):33-36.

2.    Carpenter, Ginger. Dragonflies and damselflies of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):36-41.

3.    —. The first barrens bluet damselfly in 35 years. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):43-47.

4.    —. The iridescent world of the dragonfly. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):65-67.

5.    Carpenter, Virginia. Dragonflies and damselflies of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:8-15.

Drift bottles

1.    Dennis, John V. and Gunn, Charles R. Anatomy of a stranding. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Fall; 5(2):30-35.

Drift lines

1.    Zaremba, Robert. Coast Guard Beach : a case study in the importance of drift lines. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9( 3):49-55.

Drift seeds and fruits

1.    Dennis, Johm V. Tracing the origins of drift deposits. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):7-10.

2.    Dennis, John V. and Gunn, Charles R. Anatomy of a stranding. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Fall; 5(2):30-35.

3.    —. Sea-beans : long distance drifters from the south. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Winter; 3(3):40-45.

Drinking water–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Lord, Robin. Precious resource : a look at our sole-source auifer. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:30-33.

Earthquakes–New England

1.    Ebel. John E.  Earthquakes in New England. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Spring; 13(4):63-66.

Eastern hemlock

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : eastern red cedar and Eastern hemlock. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):22-23.

Eastern red cedar

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : eastern red cedar and Eastern hemlock. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):22-23.

Eels

1.    Berrick, Stephen. The essential sand eel. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9(3):56-60.

2.    Morris, Larry . Return to the Saragasso. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):30-35.

Eiders

1.    Hansen, Tor. The springtime dance of the eiders. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):64-66.

Endangered species

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : sandplain gerardia (Agalinis acuta). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):81.

2.    Hay, John. Endangeres species : we are the custodians. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):13-15.

3.    Zinn, Donald J. Survival or surrender for our endangered wildlife :”Extinction is forever”. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):16-19.

Environmental education

1.    Lucas, Robert . Environmental education–The museum’s program. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):6-7.

2.    —. Soil, flowers, hornets & peanuts. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):64-65.

3.    Newberger, Craig. In defense of tomorrow. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):33-34.

Environmental protection

1.    Deland, Michael R. A strand in the web. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):55-57.

Extinct animals

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Survival or surrender for our endangered wildlife :”Extinction is forever”. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):16-19.

Fall foliage

1.    Fellman, Bruce. How do the trees know it’s fall? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Fall; 15(2):27-30.

2.    Petry, Loren C. Autumn coloration. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):35.

Fiddler crabs

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Fiddler on the beach. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):4-9.

Fish kills

1.    Dennis, John V. The mystery of marine “die-offs”. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3):44-47.

Fish watching

1.    McLarney, Bill. Notes of a fishwatcher. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):19-21.

Fisheries–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Marcus, Jon. Net results : the state of offshore fisheries. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:12-18.

Fishes

1.    Hay, John. Desertion of the fishes. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:58-67.

Fishes–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Bloomer, Harvey W. Fisherman’s chronicle of Cape fish. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):10.

2.    Creech, Beth. A sampling of the marine fish in the coastal waters of Cape Cod Bay. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):62-63.

Fishes–Spawning

1.    McLarney, Bill. Notes of a fishwatcher. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):19-21.

Fishing

1.    Bloomer, Harvey. Handlining off Monomoy. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):61-.

Fishing, cooperative

1.    Peterson, Susan. Cape Cod’s fishery cooperatives. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):45-50.

Fishing–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Lord, Robin. Lure of the Cape : inshore fisheries doing fine, thank you. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:22-23.

Fleas

1.    Simser, Dave and Moran, Pam. As long as there have been humans, there have been fleas. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):19-21.

Gas, natural in submerged lands

1.    Blumberg, Robert C. Offshore oil and gas development…a time of decision. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):33-34.

Geology–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Coleman, David. The face of the future : Cape Cod’s great beach. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:48-53.

Golden club

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : golden club   (Orontium aquaticum). Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18 (3):59.

2.    LeBlond, Richard. A most dangerous profession. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):60-61.

Grasslands

1.    LeBlond, Richard. Our sandplain grasslands : belittled, ignored and nationally significant. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):14-18.

Great Beach (Cape Cod, Mass.)

1.    Coleman, David. The face of the future : Cape Cod’s great beach. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:48-53.

Grey seals

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : gray seal (Halichoerus grypus). Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):27.

Gulf Stream

1.    Dennis, Johm V. Tracing the origins of drift deposits. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):7-10.

2.    Dennis, John V. and Gunn, Charles R. Anatomy of a stranding. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Fall; 5(2):30-35.

3.    —. Sea-beans : long distance drifters from the south. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Winter; 3(3):40-45.

Gull Pond (Wellfleet, Mass.)

1.    Bartlett, Randolph. Sanctuary. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:52-54.

Gulls

1.    Cairn, North. Flight recordings : logging in the gulls on Monomoy. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:50-52.

Gypsy moth

1.    Simser, Dave. How serious is the gypsy moth menace? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):6-12.

2.    Smedley, Scott. A gypsy moth primer. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 9(4):77-82.
Notes: includes biblio.

Gypsy moth–Massachusetts

1.    Nisbet, Ian. Moths, monocultures, and man. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Mar; 1(4):54-56.

Halley’s comet

1.    Berger, Barney. Why you should have heard of Edmund Halley. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):43-47.

Harbor seal

1.    Alence, Karen . Harbor seals of Nanturcket display unique behavior. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Fall; 11(2):36-38.

Hawks

1.    Hymn to a hawk. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:38-39.

2.    Prescott, Robert. The hawk and I. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):58-60.

Hay, John  1915-

1.    Cairn, North. A natural presence. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20 :52-55.

Hazardous wastes

1.    Blackmar, David S. A frightening array of household chemiclas. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):44-45.

Herbs

1.    Pond, Barbara . The uses of weeds. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1):3-5.
Notes: From : A Sampler of Wayside Herbs

Herring-gull

1.    Harris, James T. When the herring gulls nest. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Spring; 5(4):68-71.

Hickories

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : mockernut hickory (Carya tomentosas). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):55.

Hiking–Massachusets–Cape Cod

1.    Friary, Ned and Bendure, Glenda. Natural steps : walks from a naturalist’s hiking guide. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:60-68.

Holly_

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : American holly. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Winter; 9(3):66-67.

Horned owl

1.    Adami, Ginger . The dark realm of the great horned owl. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Winter; 10(3):60-62.

Human-animal relationships

1.    Reynolds, Diane. Of moose and men : peaceful coexistence. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):16-18.

Hyla crucifer

1.    Finch, Robert . Hyla crucifer : the voice of spring. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Spring; 2(4):64-65.

Indians of North America–Antiquities

1.    Emery, K. O. A small Indian midden in Quissett. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8(4):68-71.

2.    Mavor, James W. jr and Dix, Byron E. Ritual stones of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):6-12.

Indians of  North America–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Dunford, Frred. In the season of beach plums : Native origins. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:55-59.

Insectivorous plants

1.    Svenson, Henry K. Insect-catching plants, particularly of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):12-14.

Insects–Behavior

1.    Lash, Rebecca . Where to find insects in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Winter; 13(3):43-45.

Interstitial fauna

1.    Zinn, Donald J. A sedimental journey. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):3-7.

Intertidal fauna

1.    Zinn, Donald J. A world beneath your feet. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Fall; 6(2):29-32.

John Henry Site (Brewster, Mass.)

1.    Dunford, Fred . The John Henry site :  prehistoric harvesting of the tidal flat. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):11.

Kestrals

1.    Rowell, Miriam L. The smallest falcon. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):46-47.

Kettle ponds

1.    Laderman, Aimlee. Hidden cedar swamp kettles of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):36-39.

Kitchen-middens–Massachusetts–Barnstable

1.    Emery, K. O. A small Indian midden in Quissett. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8(4):68-71.

Krusen

1.    Dunford, Fred . Archaeological investigations at The Dividing Place. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:56-60.

Land trusts

1.    Robinson, Mark H. Saving lands through trust. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:19-20.

Land use–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Finch, Robert . A sense of place. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3):56-57.

Land use–Planning

1.    Deland, Michael R. A strand in the web. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):55-57.

Landscape protection

1.    Finch, Robert . Taxes, restrictions and oen space. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):42-43.

Laughing gull

1.    Nisbet, Ian C. T. The colonization of Monmoy laughing gulls. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1):4-8.

Lawns

1.    Longland, David R. Lawns, meadows or both? Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):15-18.

Least tern

1.    Minsky, Dennis. Episode at High Head. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Summer; 8(1):10-13.

Leaves–Color

1.    Fellman, Bruce. How do the trees know it’s fall? Cape Naturalist. 1986 Fall; 15(2):27-30.

Lepidoptera–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    . Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife  : water-willow borer (Papaipema sulphurata). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):11.

2.    Mello, Mark. A Massachusetts rarity : the rediscovery of  Papaipema sulphurata. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):4-10.

Lichens

1.    Finch, Robert . Life in the dead of winter. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):58-61.

2.    Moul, Edwin T. Life on a tree trunk. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):50-53.

Limulus polyphemus

1.    Gibson, Dan and Gibson, Vicki. The living fossil comes of age. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):72-75.

2.    —. The living fossil’s habits. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):18-22.

3.    McClung, Robert M. Limulus polyphemus, a living fossil. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):38-42.

4.    Russell, Louise. Ancient mariner : the mysterious horseshoe crab. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:38-41.

Limulus test

1.    Gibson, Dan and Gibson, Vicki. The living fossil comes of age. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):72-75.

Lobster fisheries

1.    Leach, Robert . Shellfishing and lobstering on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):25-29.

Luminescence

1.    Oldale, Robert N. Cape Cod’s “magic’ quartz pebbles : see them glow iin the dark. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:44-45.

Lyme disease

1.    Brown, Laura. With the spring comes the tick season and Lyme disease. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):59-63.

Mammals–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Spitzer, Numi C. The cape Cod mammal survey : Summer, 1976. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6(1):10-16.

Mammals–Massachusetts–Monomoy Wildlife Refuge

1.    Holt, Denver W.; Humphrey, Robert C., and Lortie, John P. The mammals of Monomoy Wildlife Refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Spring; 15(4):63-69.

Marine aquariums

1.    Waters, Barbara S. Marine aquariums–Cape Cod style. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):24-30.

Marine invertebrates–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Townsend, Richard W. Some common marine gastropods of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1 ):15-19.

Marine mammals–Strandings

1.    Prescott, Robert. Two marine strandings. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):56-57.

Marine worms

1.    Berrick, Stephen. Sand castle builders of the flats. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):32-35.

Marshes, tide

1.    Friedman, James M. Salt marshes and the constitution. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):44-49.

2.    Portnoy, J. W. and Soukup, M. A. Can the Cape’s diked salt marshes be restored? Cape Naturalist. 1988 Fall; 17(2):28-33.

3.    Teal, John M.  Life and death of the salt marsh : another look. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:14-17.

4.    Teal, John M.  and Burns, Kathryn A. Oil spill on the Wild Harbor marsh. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):3-5.

Massachusetts Bay

1.    Leaning, John R. Outlook on the outfall pipe. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:22-26.

2.    —. Update on the outfall. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:49-51.

Massachusetts–Natural Heritage Program

1.    Limon, Jodie Ann. Massachusetts natural heritage program : inventory and protection of natural diversity. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Spring; 13(4):67-70.

Meadows

1.    Longland, David R. Lawns, meadows or both? Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):15-18.

Milkweed

1.    Lash, Rebecca . The complex community of milkweed. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):44-46.

Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge (Cape Cod, Mass.)

1.    Schloerb, Ron . Treasured island : Monomoy National Wildlife refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:20-30.

Monomoy National Wildlife Refuge (Cape Cod, Massachusetts

1.    Humphrey, Robert C. The American oystercatcher on Monommoy National Wildlife Refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):20-23.

Moor ecology–Massachusetts–Nantucket

1.    Zaremba, Robert E.; Patterson, William A III, and Rudnicky, James. Prescribed burning experiments in nantucket heathlands. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):49-55.

Moors and heaths

1.    LeBlond, Richard. Our sandplain grasslands : belittled, ignored and nationally significant. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):14-18.

Moths

1.    Hansen, Tor. Cycle of change ; the cecropia’s journey. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:78-79.

2.    Lash, Rebecca . The watcher in the shadows. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 15(1):21-22.

3.    Smedley, Scott. The Cape Cod lepidoptera inventory.  Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 10(4):72-77.
Notes: includes biblio.

Mushrooms

1.    Lucas, Robert . The wild mushroom. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):48-49.

Mute swans

1.    Souza, matt. Can we afford the mute swan? Cape Naturalist. 1984 Winter; 13(3):46-48.

Natural history–Study and teaching

1.    Keller, Sarah . Cultivating  the sense of wonder. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:80-82.

Nature photography

1.    MacKenzie, Ralph Snow. Cape Cod nature portfolio. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):9-112.

Nature study

1.    Blaisdell-Bannon, Alicia. No kidding! Learning about the world around tham. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:46-48.

2.    Gilmore, Lucy . Teaching nature to a child : inspiration for guiding young minds. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:54-56.

3.    Hay, John. The marvels of Cape Cod : wonders that defy us. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:36-37.

4.    Luebke, Felicity. Life under a log : a guide for field trips. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:58-60.

5.    Newberger, Craig. In defense of tomorrow. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Fall; 12(2):33-34.

6.    Shiflett-Fitton, Deborah. But what does a naturalist do? Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):62-63.

The New Alchemy Institute–East  (Woods Hole, Mass.)

1.    Todd, Nancy and Todd, John. New alchemy on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):3-6.

Ocean

1.    Mayo, Charles III. Seasons of the sea. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1):9-12.

Ocean currents

1.    Kurlychek, George A. Charting Gulf Stream surface currents : a junior high school experiment. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):14-17.

Ocean waves

1.    Goldsmith, Victor and Goldsmith, Yvonne E. Waves against Cape Cod ; an uneasy truce. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):16-19.

Oil pollution of the sea

1.    Hay, John. Numbers before llife. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Spring; 5(4):78.

2.    Pike, Kip. Soiled magnificence : a story of alcids and oil. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Fall; 9(2):34-39.

3.    Prescott, robert. Oiled birds : first victims. Cape Naturalist. 1977; 5(4):76-77.

Oil spills

1.    Teal, John M.  and Burns, Kathryn A. Oil spill on the Wild Harbor marsh. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):3-5.

Open spaces–massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Finch, Robert . Taxes, restrictions and oen space. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Dec; 2(3):42-43.

Opossum

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Another visitor makes a home on the Cape. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Fall; 15(2):31-324.

Orchids–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    LeBlond, Richard. The orchids of Cape Cod : nature’s beautiful machines. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Summer; 16(1):8-13.

Organic gardening

1.    Crosby, Joanna. Rooted in nature : organic gardens blossom. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:57-59.

Ospreys

1.    Coleman, David. Bird’s-eye view : Osprey ecovery. Cape Naturalist. 1993;  21:35-36.

2.    Poole, Alan. Cape Cod’s elusive ospreys. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):48-54.

Owls

1.    Holt, Denver W. The short-eared owl in Massachusetts . Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):31-35.

Oystercatcher

1.    Humphrey, Robert C. The American oystercatcher on Monommoy National Wildlife Refuge. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1):20-23.

Oysters

1.    Sargent, William. Of men and oysters in Pleasant Bay.  Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):29-31, 38.

Paine’s Creek (Brewster, Mass,)

1.    O’Brien, Greg . Simple pleasures : watching the herring rum ; A symbol of the Cape’s reawakening. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:46-49.

2.    Schall, Donald. Paine’s Creek : the preservation of solitude. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):14-16.

Penikese Island (Mass.)

1.    Dennis, John V. Lonely Penikese. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3):44-49.

Petroleum in submerged lands

1.    Blumberg, Robert C. Offshore oil and gas development…a time of decision. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):33-34.

Photography

1.    Cairn, North. seeing is believing.  Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:54-57.

Pilgrim Lake (Truro, Mass.)

1.    Redfield, A. C. and Emery, K. O. The evolution of Pilgrim Lke. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6 (1):4-9.

Pines

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : The “other” pines. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3):58-61.

Piping plovers

1.    Cape and islands  rare and endangered wildlife  : :piping plover  (Charadrius melodus). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):77.

2.    Struggle for survival : protecting plovers and terns. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:34-37.

Pitch pine

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : the pitch pine. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Fall; 7(2):38-39.

Plants–habitat

1.    Evolution’s benchmarks : Cape Cod’s type sites. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Fall; 16(2):42-43.

Plants is winter

1.    LeBlond, Richard. Some summer friends can become better known in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):60-63.

Pleasant Bay (Orleans, Mass.)

1.    Sargent, William. Of men and oysters in Pleasant Bay.  Cape Naturalist. 1981 Fall; 10(2):29-31, 38.

Plymouth gentian

1.    A splendid species. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):12-13.

Polychaeta

1.    Zinn, Donald J. A can of sea worms. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Sep; 2(2):257.

Pond fauna

1.    Fellman, Bruce. Deep in a pond, life slows down. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):48-53.

Pond fauna–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Waters, Barbara S. The neighborhood puddle needs protection, too. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):62-64.

Pond flora

1.    Fellman, Bruce. Deep in a pond, life slows down. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Winter; 14(3):48-53.

Pond flora–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Schall, Donald and Murley, Dennis. Survey of the pond flora of Cape Cod, Massachusets. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):58-61.

Prescribed burning

1.    Zaremba, Robert E.; Patterson, William A III, and Rudnicky, James. Prescribed burning experiments in nantucket heathlands. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Winter; 12(3):49-55.

Provincetown Harbor (Provincetown, Mass.)

1.    Mello, Mark J. Harbor life : benthic community structure in Provincetown Harbor. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):10-13.

Quahoging

1.    Leach, Robert . Shellfishing and lobstering on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):25-29.

2.    Simonitsch, James. Bullraking. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):30.

Quartz

1.    Oldale, Robert N. Cape Cod’s “magic’ quartz pebbles : see them glow iin the dark. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:44-45.

Rainey Site (Orleans, Mass.)–Archaeology

1.    Dunford, Fred . Archaeological investigations at The Dividing Place. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:56-60.

Rare plants

1.    Schall, Donald. Endangered survey. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 9(4):76.

Recycling (waste, etc.)

1.    Knox, Dorothy H. Recycling on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):13-14.

Red fox

1.    Sheldon, William G. The red fox, expert survival. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Spring; 6(4):68-71.

Red maple

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : red maple (acer rubrum). Cape Naturalist. 19980 Spring; 9(4 ):74-75.

Red oak

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : the red oak group. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8(4):78-79.

Renewable energy sources

1.    Todd, Nancy and Todd, John. New alchemy on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):3-6.

Roads, show and ice removal

1.    McKelway, Ben . Roads in the snow–hold the salt. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 11(4):69-71.

Rosa rugosa

1.    Hudson, Leslie J. A rose by the sea. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):31-34.

Ruffed grouse

1.    Sheldon, William. The ruffed grouse : winter survival and spring thunder. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Spring; 2(4):55-61.

Salamanders

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : eastern spadefoot. (Scaphiopus h. holbrooki)  ; spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:60-62.

2.    Mirick, Peter G. Hidden wildlife ; the mole salamanders. Cape Naturalist. 1987 Spring; 15(4):59-62.

Sand shrimp

1.    Fales, Janis. Foot-tickler of the flats : the common sand shrimp. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Winter; 3(3 ):50-51.

Sandhill crane

1.    Smith, Harold . The sandhill crane on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Fall; 3(2):35-36.

Sandplain gerardia

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : sandplain gerardia (Agalinis acuta). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):81.

Sandy Neck Beach (Barnstable, Mass.)

1.    Auger, Peter J. and Giovannone, Patricia. On the fringe of existence : Diamondback terrapins at Sandy Naeck. Cape Naturalist. 1979 Fall; 8(3):44-58.
Notes: includes biblio.

Sargasso Sea

1.    Morris, Larry . Return to the Saragasso. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Fall; 4(2):30-35.

Sassafras

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : The sassafras. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7(1):22-23.

Scallops

1.    Bloomer, Harvey W. Cape scallops. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):30.

Seals

1.    Prescott, Robert. Lower Cape seal census, 1978-1979. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3):50.

2.    —. The winter the seals died. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):20-21.

Seashore flora

1.    Schall, Donald. Salt spray, shaper of beach plants. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3):50-53.

Seasons

1.    Adami, Ginger . Dance of the seaons. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):14-15.

2.    Mayo, Charles III. Seasons of the sea. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1):9-12.

Seattle, Chief, Duwamish tribe–Teachings

1.    Seattle, Chief. The end of living and the beginning of survival. Cape Naturalist. 19889 Winter; 18(2):42-46.

Sewage disposal in the ocean

1.    Leaning, John R. Outlook on the outfall pipe. Cape Naturalist. 1992; 20:22-26.

2.    —. Update on the outfall. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:49-51.

Shank Painter Pond (Provincetown, Mass.)

1.    LeBlond, Richard. The quaking bog of Shank Painter Pond. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):5-9.

Sharks

1.    Prescott, Robert. The men in gray flannael suits. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):16-19.

Shellfish culture

1.    Jenkins, Robert E jr. Another view of shellfish farming. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):17.

2.    Middleton, Karen Chandler. Shellfish farming in native waters. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):58-60.

Shells–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Townsend, Richard W. Collecting seashells on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Jun; 2(1):17-19.

Shore birds–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Hay, John. The bird of light : migrants in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:26-35.

Slender arrowheads

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : slender arrowhead (Sagittaria teres). Cape Naturalist. 1989 Winter-1990 Winter; 18(2):47.

Snapping turtles

1.    Hay, John. The flight of the snapping turtle. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 11(4):77,-79.

Song sparrow

1.    Baird, James. A migrant mystery at Monomoy. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Spring; 4(4):71-75.

Songbirds

1.    Cairn, North. Missing music : the plight of migratory songbirds. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:32-34.

South Beach island (Chatham, Mass.)

1.    MacIvor, Laurie H.; Griffin, Curtice R., and Melvin, Scott M. South Beach Island : a break for the birds. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):72-76.

Spiders

1.    Edwards, Robert L. and Edwards, Eric H. Cape Cod’s burrowing wolf spiders. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):12-19.

Spring ecology

1.    Newberger, Craig. A spring processional. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):19-21.

Squids

1.    Prescott, Robert. The strandidng of ilex illecebrosus . Cape Naturalist. 1977 Summer; 6(1):17-19.

2.    Valois, John. Loligo : ice cream cone of the Atlantic. Cape Naturalist. 1882 Spring; 10(4):68-69.

Stellwagon Bank (Mass.)–Geology

1.    Oldale, Robert. Geologic origins of  Stellwagon Bank. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:27-31.

Stone collecting

1.    Bry, Gerhard. Stone faces on the beach at Truro. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Summer; 5(1):14-16.

Stony Brook (Brewster, Mass.)

1.    Finch, Robert . Meeting the alewives of Stony Brook. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):17-19.

Striped bass

1.    Marcus, Jon. A success story ; striped bass. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:19.

Sublittoral ecology

1.    Mello, Mark J. Harbor life : benthic community structure in Provincetown Harbor. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):10-13.

Sunfishes

1.    Mola mola, the giant ocean sunfish. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):60-61.

Swallows

1.    Hay, John. Swallows and swallowtails. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21:11-16.

Terns

1.    The 1978 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Winter; 7(3 ):62-63.

2.    The 1979 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Spring; 8(4 ):76-77.

3.    The 1980 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1981 Summer; 10(1):22-23.

4.    The 1981 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Spring; 10(4):78-79.

5.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):43.

6.    Struggle for survival : protecting plovers and terns. Cape Naturalist. 1994; 22:34-37.

7.    Blodget, Bradford G. Tern survey and inventory data for 1984. 1984 Winter; 13(3):53-55.

8.    Blodgett, Brad. The 1982 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Winter; 11(3):62-63.

9.    Fisk, Erma. The 1975 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Winter; 4(3):58-59.

10.    Fisk, Erma J. The 1973 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1973 Sep; 2(2):30-33, 49.

11.    —. The 1977 tern season. Cape Naturalist. 1977 Winter; 6(3):61-63.

12.    Fisk, Jonnie . The 1976 tern seaon. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):62-63.

13.    Hay, John. The bird of light : migrants in winter. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:26-35.

14.    Trull, Peter . A field guide to the terns of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3 ):53-54.

15.    —. Life in a tern colony. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Spring; 6(4):72-75.

16.    —. The roseate tern : a life in the balance. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Winter-1989 Winter; 17(3):44-51.

17.    —. Terns in winter : a management concern. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Fall; 13(2):27-32.

Ticks

1.    Andreadis, Theodaore G. The wood tick. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):13-14.

2.    Brown, Laura. With the spring comes the tick season and Lyme disease. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Spring; 14(4):59-63.

Tides–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Redfield, Alfred C. Tide and time on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Sep; 1(2):22-26.

Tinker’s weed

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered plants : tinker’s weed (Triosteum perfoliatum). Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):9.

2.    DiGregorio, Mario and Wallner, Jeff. Long lost tinker’s-weed “finds” midden. Cape Naturalist. 1989 Summer; 18(1):10-11.

Toads

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : eastern spadefoot. (Scaphiopus h. holbrooki)  ; spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum). Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:60-62.

Trees

1.    A bunch of trees. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):45-47.

Trees, fossil

1.    Berger, France. Driftwood from the past : an unusual petrified log. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):3-5.

Turtles–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife : leatherback turtle. (Dermochelys coriacea). Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):58.

2.    Steuer, Karen . Ancient visitors : the sea turtles of Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1990 Spring; 18(3):52-57.

Wasps

1.    Brady, Bill. Wasps of Cape Cod, Part 1 : Trapping the twig nesters. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7(1 ):16-19.

2.    —. Wasps of Cape Cod, Part II : The great golden digger. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Spring; 7(4):68-72.

3.    Lash, Rebecca . The busy season for the predatory wasps. Cape Naturalist. 1985 Fall; 14(2):27-30.

4.    —. Some late summer visitors and whee they live. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12(1):14-16.

Water conseration

1.    Kerfoot, William B. Living filters and water conservation on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):4-12.

Water–Purification

1.    Kerfoot, William B. Living filters and water conservation on Cape Cod. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Summer; 4(1):4-12.

Water table–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Redfield, Alfred C. The critical surplus : an analysis of Cape Cod’s water table. Cape Naturalist. 1978 Summer; 7( 1):5-7.

Water, undeerground

1.    Lord, Robin. Precious resource : a look at our sole-source auifer. Cape Naturalist. 1995; 23:30-33.

Water-willow borer

1.    . Cape and Islands rare and endangered wildlife  : water-willow borer (Papaipema sulphurata). Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):11.

2.    Mello, Mark. A Massachusetts rarity : the rediscovery of  Papaipema sulphurata. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Summer; 17(1):4-10.

Weather

1.    Hedberg, Harold. If you don’t like the weather, wait a minute. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Spring; 12(4):68-70.

Wellfleet Wildlife Santuary (Wellfleet, Mass.)

1.    Lindborg, Kristina L. C. Where do they help the injured birda? Cape Naturalist. 1985 Summer; 14(1 ):11-15.

Wetlands

1.    Nickerson, Norton H. Freshwater wetlands : their nature and importance to man. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9( 1):5-10.
Notes: Prepared for and first published in 1978 by  The New England Environmental Network, The Lincoln Filene Center for Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts University
includes biblio.

2.    Zinn, Donald. The marrow of nature. Cape Naturalist. 1986 Winter; 15(3):48-49.

Wetlands–Law and legislation

1.    Crook, Daane. Wildlife placed under wing of wetlands act. Cape Naturalist. 1987; 16(2):34-41.

2.    Friedman, James M. Salt marshes and the constitution. Cape Naturalist. 1976 Winter; 5(3):44-49.

Wetlands–Massachusetts–Cape Cod

1.    Portnoy, J. W. and Soukup, M. A. From salt marsh to forest : the outer Cape’s wetlands. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Fall; 11(2):28-34.

Whales

1.    Mayo, Charles Stormy. Global issues : the right whale. Cape Naturalist. 1991; 19:42-48.

Whales–Stranding

1.    Finch, Robert . Saving the whales. Cape Naturalist. 1993; 21 :18-26.

2.    Prescott, Robert L. The tragedy on Lieutenant Island. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Spring; 11(4):68.

White ash

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : white ash (Fraxinus americana). Cape Naturalist. 1982 Fall; (11):2.

White oak

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod’s trees : the white oak group. Cape Naturalist. 1980 Summer; 9(1):22-23.

Wild flowers–Massachusetts—Cape Cod

1.    DiGregorio, Mario. A legacy of flowers. Cape Naturalist. 1988 Spring; 16(4):78-80.
Notes: Excerpt from DiGregrorio, Mario–A vanishing heritage,

Wild Harbor (Falmouth, Mass.)

1.    Teal, John M.  and Burns, Kathryn A. Oil spill on the Wild Harbor marsh. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Jun; 1(1):3-5.

Wild plants, edible

1.    Bush, Eileen and Shiflett, Debbie.  The wild pantry in your backyard. Cape Naturalist. 1983 Summer; 12 (1):4-7.

2.    Prescott, Robert. Wild edibles of Cape wetlands or, How to catch a Sagittaria Latifolia. Cape Naturalist. 1974 Summer; 3(1):12-14.

Wild turkeys–Massachusetts

1.    Sheldon, William. The return of the wild turkey. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Spring; 3(4):57-61.

Wildlife

1.    Crook, Daane. Wildlife placed under wing of wetlands act. Cape Naturalist. 1987; 16(2):34-41.

Wildlife attracting

1.    Barnhart, Earle. A nathrualist’s garden can bring wildlife to your backyard. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):6-10.

Wildlife habitat improvement

1.    Barnhart, Earle. A nathrualist’s garden can bring wildlife to your backyard. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):6-10.

Wildlife pests

1.    Reynolds, Diane. Of moose and men : peaceful coexistence. Cape Naturalist. 1982 Summer; 11(1):16-18.

Wing Island (Brewster, Mass.)

1.    `Dunford, Fred and O’Brien, Greg. The mysteries of Wing Island. Cape Naturalist. 1997; 24:8-18.

Winter flounder

1.    Prescott, Robert. Toward the winter cold. Cape Naturalist. 1975 Spring; 3(4):62-63.

Wood–Deterioration

1.    Zinn, Donald J. Relationaships in a Cape Cod woodpile. Cape Naturalist. 1984 Summer; 13(1):12.

Woodcock, American

1.    Sheldom, William G. The woodcock…Cape Cod shorebird of the uplands. Cape Naturalist. 1972 Dec; 1(3):38-.

Yellow birch

1.    Schall, Donald. Cape Cod trees : gray birch ( Betula populifolia). Cape Naturalist. 1981 Winter; 10(3):53.

The Museum is located on the Old King’s Highway in Brewster, Massachusetts. The address is 869 Route 6A, Brewster, MA  02631-1032. You can find our Facebook presence here and you can join our ConstantContact list here.

Mission: To inspire appreciation and understanding of our natural environment through discovery and learning by integrating three strands of its organizational identity – as a museum of natural history, nature education center, and steward of conservation land.

• As a small museum of natural history, we preserve, exhibit, and interpret our own collections of natural history artifacts and display relevant traveling and loan exhibits.
• As a nature education center, we are a gathering place for citizen scientists and amateur naturalists, and as a forum for informed discussion of important issues related to the natural world, especially on Cape Cod.
• As a steward of 400-plus acres of museum-owned land in Stoney Brook Valley and Brewster conservation land adjacent to the Museum, we monitor and protect the land and focus our programming on its varied habitats – our outdoor classroom and teaching tool.

There are several popular nature walks – around a salt mash, through the Lyn Peabody Wildflower garden (received the  2007 Homer Lucas Award for Public Gardens from the New England Wild Flower Society), or through a wooded path down to the beach; most of the Museum land (south of historic Route 6A) is within the Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Priority Site for Rare Species and Exemplary Natural Communities; Museum land is entirely within the Old King’s Highway Regional Historic District established by state law in 1973 and thought to be the largest in the country (as of a 2004 study); there is also a major herring run, Paine’s Creek, going through the property that most likely attracted Native Americans to the area long before colonists arrive – it is celebrated by renowned naturalist John Hay’s classic book, “The Run” published in 1959.

The Museum has also been responsible for an archaeological dig on Wing Island (town-owned land). The island is named for John Wing—the first English settler to live in this part of Cape Cod, and was part of the territory that the original Plimoth colonists reserved for themselves. It is also a microcosm of the archaeology of the Cape and provides clues of what the past of the region contains. Findings date back 9,000 years to prehistoric Cape Cod and demonstrates a slice of what the Cape was like prior to European settlement. There is also remnants of an old salt works that operated on the island. Wing Island is the inspiration for “Jack’s Island” in William Martin’s 1991 novel, Cape Cod.

Cape Cod’s one constant is change, and visitors see results of dramatic coastal erosion along with maps showing what the Cape looked like 10,000 years ago along with projections to 8,000 years in the future. The exhibits include archaeology, geology, bird banding, honey bee observation hive along with hives in the field; preserved bird collection highlighting indigenous species; aquarium; Marshview Room celebrating the wildlife living in “Our Own Backyard”; ongoing displays of photographs by friends of the Museum showing scenes from nature that give them a personal sense of wonder; an OspreyCam set up on the osprey nest in the marsh; the Clarence Hay Library; a gift shop, and a series of family-oriented lectures, hands-on activities and special exhibits on such notables as Rachel Carson, Henry Beston, John Hay and Robert Finch. We publish Tidings every other month to keep our members informed about new programs and Museum happenings. Information on membership, volunteering, Friends of the Museum, school group visits, group rates, and much more can be found on our Web site.

The 2009 special exhibit is Under One Sky: Why Animals Matter that documents the global work done by IFAW (International Fund for Animal Welfare) and their effort to protect animals and our shared environment.

Special programs include:

KidSummer – instilling a sense of wonder and discovery to last a lifetime. Offers a range of 4 programs for ages 3 to 12, encouraging learning and appreciation of the environment through age-appropriate indoor and outdoor activities led by educators/naturalists, and

Mudflat Mania! – a series of beachside explorations where visitors learn about the fascinating world of creatures living on, in, and under the Cape’s mudflats.

As previously stated, this blog will be used to periodically “reprint” articles from The Cape Naturalist that began publishing in June of 1972. Please bear with us as we learn this new technology and we hope you will find the authors and their articles describing Cape Cod in years past interesting.

The following introduction is from Vol. 1, No. 1 of The Cape Naturalist:

INTRODUCING THE CAPE NATURALIST

Welcome to the first edition of The Cape Naturalist, the new quarterly journal of the Cape Cod Museum of Natural History. This replaces our quarterly bulletin to members, and will be published in March, June, September and December of each year. We feel it could be a landmark in the history of the museum and, for that matter of the Cape itself. We hope that our new publication will help the museum spread the news of the local environment. Apart from news and information about the museum’s program, each issue will contain a feature article by a qualified writer on a subject of interest to naturalists on the Cape. As space permits, we will also include material by adults and children which may be of interest to our readers.

As the title indicates, we are concerned with the Cape environment in all its natural aspects, as experienced and observed by the people who live here. When we use the term Environment we are not only thinking of it with reference to surroundings that can be drastically altered, polluted and destructively treated by man. We do not merely hunt for disaster. The Man-Nature equation also involves living with a place. We think it of prime importance that the Cape should continue to be identified, through our eyes and ears and touch and study, at all ages, and in all parts of society. It should continue to be well known, by you, our readers and members, and everyone else we encourage. The detail in the life of any region is what is vital to the whole, and if there are enough people around who find that worth their concern and attention, then we can hope that Cape Cod will be treated with more respect than it will get merely by being occupied and overrun.

The editors are interested in your observations, whether you have counted birds in your backyard, box turtles in the woods, or seen a terrapin or otter in a marsh or estuary. So send your material to us, preferably typewritten, and we would be happy to consider it for publication; in any case, we would count it important to have such information on file at the museum.

On behalf of our hard working membership committee, please note the enclosed self-addressed envelope. If you are already a member give it to a friend. If you are not a member we invite you to join. We have at present over 1000 on our membership rolls and they constitute the backbone of our enterprise.